, Volume 37 Issue 1

    

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油气勘探
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  Sequence stratigraphic responses to the lacustrine basin deep-faulted period in the north area of the western sag, Liaohe Depression

  Wang Qingchun; Bao Zhidong and He Ping

  , 2010, 37(1): 1719-0.

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  Faulted lacustrine basins are continental lacustrine basins formed under tensional and rifting environments. They have different sequence stratigraphy characteristics in different developing stages. The lacustrine basin deep-faulted period in the north area of the western sag of the Liaohe Depression can be divided into five stages: initial faulted stage, fast subsided stage, stable subsided stage, intense subsided stage and short inversion stage. As a result, Sha-4 and Sha-3 Members were formed in this period. Two sets of third-order sequence have been developed in the deep-faulted period. In different development stages of the lacustrine basin, Lowstand Systems Tract (LST), Transgressive Systems Tract (TST) and Highstand Systems Tract (HST) of Sequence I as well as TST and HST of Sequence II were shaped. The formation filling styles were controlled by the developing process of the lacustrine basin. In addition, the different superimposition styles of formation were formed in different areas under impact of the structural slope, the water depth, the sediment supply, the tectonic activity, and so on, which lead to difference in sequence stratigraphy filling mode, affecting the physical property of the reservoir.
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  Current situation and trend of geophysical technology in CNPC

  Liu Zhenwu; Sa Liming; Dong Shitai; Deng Zhiwen and Xu Guangcheng

  , 2010, 37(1): 1784-0.

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  With years of development, CNPC has maintained a powerful geophysical force. It takes a leadership internationally in overall onshore capacity and has developed 8 unique geophysical technologies, especially the world-leading seismic exploration technologies for complex mountains and loess tableland. In high-end technology R&D, such technologies as high-density seism, all-digital seism and multi-wave have demonstrated practical effects in description of complex reservoirs, and a complete technical process is established. CNPC’s independent innovation in petroleum geophysics has improved significantly. With respect to software and equipment, it has launched an integrated geophysical software and got its large seismic devices be qualified in 2 000-channel field commissioning, which will be put into large-scale production in near future. To meet the exploration and development demand under new climate and the challenge of “Four Projects”, PetroChina will, guided by the technology roadmap, continue to work on core geophysical equipment, software, new geophysical approaches and technologies in the coming years.
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  Quantitative prediction of the oil-bearing height of Tertiary reservoirs in Jiyang Depression

  Zhao Leqiang; Song Guoqi; Ning Fangxing; Xiang Lihong; Zhuo Qingong and Gao Lei

  , 2010, 37(1): 1786-0.

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  The Tertiary reservoirs in Jiyang Depression are characterized by small buried-depth, long distance of trap from source, low oil-bearing height and poor oil physical property. Oil-bearing height is mainly determined by four factors: expulsion rate of source rock, migration distance, dip angle of carrier bed and capillary resistance force. Of these four factors, the expulsion rate can be expressed by the the pressure factor gradient of source rock, the migration distance can be expressed by the horizontal and vertical distances between trap and source, and the capillary resistance force in carrier beds can be expressed by the capillary pressure in trap reservoirs.From the statistics of 62 stratigraphic reservoirs, oil-bearing height is in positive correlation with pressure factor gradient and dip angle of carrier bed and in negative correlation with horizontal and vertical distances between trap and source and capillary resistance force. On the basis of relations analysis between oil-bearing height and single factors, the multi-parameter match expression for the stratigraphic reservoir oil-bearing height has been established through multiple regressions. The application results show that the predicted value from matching expression matches well with the true value. The expression could be used for the prediction of oil-bearing height of Tertiary reservoirs in Jiyang Depression.
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  Reservoir-forming characteristics of Baiyinchagan Sag in Erlian Basin

  Zhang Yamin and Zhang Fangdong

  , 2010, 37(1): 1787-0.

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  The oil and gas exploration in the Baiyinchagan Sag, Erlian Basin, has been 30 years, with no breakthrough until 2003. In the area of being thought with no oil, some high-yielding prolific fields and high-quality scale reserves have been discovered by reexamining the old data to establish new reservoir formation pattern, and with new exploration concepts from resource evaluation, major structural background optimization, big sand body searching and its combination with structural background to applying 3D seismic technology and other technologies to identify the traps of small structures, faulted blocks and sand bodies. Many new fields have been discovered, such as Sanghe, West Sanghe, Daerqi, West Daerqi, West Wengte and Xilinhaolai, with proved oil in place up to tens of millions of tons and additional annual capacity of 10×104 t. The exploration history and experience in the Baiyinchagan Sag will throw new light for risk exploration of other old sags.
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  Seismic forward modeling of the oil-bearing sand in Shawan Formation, Chepaizi region, Junggar Basin, NW China

  Zhang Yunyin and Zhang Jianning

  , 2010, 37(1): 1788-0.

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  The fundamentals of finding hydrocarbons with seismic data is to reveal the relations of lithology, petrophysical property, fluid and the seismic reflection features by petrophysical analysis and exact forward modeling. Statistics of petrophysical parameters of the Shawan reservoirs in the Chepaizi region indicates differences of petrophysical parameters between oil layer, water layer and dry layer. The seismic forward modeling, fluid substitution and AVO modeling with actual log data showed that when the Shawan sand oil saturation is more than 70%, high reflection amplitude and the AVO feature of amplitude increasing with offset are reflected; when oil saturation less than 40%, the results are contrary; when oil saturation being 40%-70%, the amplitude is stable with the change of offset. According to these conditions, the drilling targets were appraised with forward modeling of pseudo logging set combining with prestack and poststack seismic attributes analysis. The oil-bearing performance of sand body was predicted and the prediction was consistent with the actual drilling results.
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  Exploration targets in the Cte d’Ivoire-Ghana transform margin in equatorial West Africa

  Liu Jianping; Pan Xiaohua; Ma Jun; Tian Zuoji and Wan Lunkun

  , 2010, 37(1): 1789-0.

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  The Cte d’Ivoire-Ghana transform margin is a typical transform margin in the world. The extended margin (e.g. Abidjan-Cape Three Points and Accra-Benin segments) and transform margin (e.g. Cape Three Points-Accra segment) are present in this margin which have different evolution histories and structures. Along the Romanche Transform Fault was formed the high-uplifted Cte d’Ivoire-Ghana Margin Ridge. The transform margin experienced pre-transform, syn-transform and post-transform stages, and structures in different stages controlled their respective styles and sediments. In the Abidjan and Benin basins, the shelf is narrower and the slope wider, obvious depocenters are formed with thick marine, non-marine and turbidity current sediments in the pre-transform and syn-transform stages, and the maturity of hydrocarbon sources is higher. In the Ghana platform margin, the shelf is wider and the slope steeper, there isn’t any obvious depocenter. The sediment load in this margin is small, and the maturity of hydrocarbon sources (even the Palaeozoic source) is low. The bathyal and deep sea in the Abidjan and Benin basins is the most attractive area for hydrocarbon exploration. The exploration in the Ghana platform margin should focus on Palaeozoic to Early Cretaceous reservoirs.
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  Effect factors and dynamic conditions in the formation of preferable paths in oil secondary migration

  Hou Ping; Ouyang Hua; Wang Zhen; Zhang Mingjun and Lin Yaping

  , 2010, 37(1): 1790-0.

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  Using the hydrocarbon migration modeling methods based on the percolation theory, in combination with physical experiments, we simulated the effect factors on and discussed dynamic conditions in forming preferable path for secondary migration of oil. The preferable path has the basic features that the front of migrating oil has only one or a few of upward finger advance, the migration path is narrow, and through the preferable path the migration oil amount is larger. The migration pattern may tend to form preferable path of secondary migration when the grain surface wettability gets better, the grain size and the density difference between oil and water get bigger, the interfacial tension get smaller, the radius of pores and throats get bigger, and the migration force get smaller. During the buoyancy competing with viscous force and the capillary force competing with viscous force, if the former is dominant, the dynamic conditions for preferable path could be fulfilled. And the more obvious the dominance is, the more easily preferable path occurs. This study may shed some light on migration in nature and offer academic basis for simulation in sedimentary basins.
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  Characteristics of sublacustrine fan in half-graben rift lake basin and its petroleum prospecting： Case study on the second member of Tenggeer Formation, Saihantala Sag, Erlian Basin

  Chen Guangpo; Wang Tianqi; Li Linbo; Li Shumin and Li Juan

  , 2010, 37(1): 1791-0.

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  Analysis is made on petrology, texture and structure of sublacustrine fan sand bodies in the second member of Tenggeer Formation. The sublacustrine fan develops well, and it is characterized by the Bouma sequence resulted from typical turbidite deposit and the AAA and ABABAB sequences of non-typical turbidite. For depositional texture, it features grain distribution of typical turbidite deposit and contains abundant turbidite deposit structures. The sublacustrine fan mainly develops in the lower part of the fault slope break formed by synsedimentary faulting in the fan delta front of gentle slope in the sag and in the troughs in front of offshore subsea fan deposit in the down-throw of faults at boundary of the basin controlled by abrupt slope. The forming of the sublacustrine fan is closely related to the long period synsedimentary faulting activities, and the scale is controlled by the fault activity, slope gradient of palaeogeomorphology and the supply of deposit. The sublacustrine fan sand bodies are adjacent to source rocks, they are easy to form litholohic traps and favorable for petroleum migration and accumulation, which is significant for the petroleum prospecting.
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  Petroleum geology and exploration potential of Oriente-Maranon Basin

  Xie Yinfu; Ji Hancheng and Su Yongdi

  , 2010, 37(1): 1792-0.

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  Oriente-Maranon Basin is one of the Sub-Andean foreland basins developed and formed on the basis of Paleozoic cratonic margin. The Oriente-Maranon Basin went through three evolution phases: marginal basin of craton, rift basin and foreland basin. The phase of rift basin formed the primary source rocks and reservoir and seal. Triassic-Jurassic Pucara Group and Cretaceous Chonta Formation generated a mass of hydrocarbons in Paleocene-Eocene (60-45Ma) and Miocene (15-5Ma), respectively. The assemblage of self-generating and self-preserving reservoir was the most important type in the Cretaceous Chonta Formation. There are basement-involved thrust traps and detached thrust faulted/folded traps in western basin, drape and extruding anticline traps in central basin, and traction anticline traps in eastern basin. The different types of traps are distributed along the NW-SE direction. Four potential exploration targets are: Drape and extruding anticline traps in the source rock drainage area in Chonta Formation in central-western basin; Traction and extruding anticline traps in the source rock drainage area in Pucara Group in central-southern basin; Pucara Group carbonate traps in central basin; Upper Cretaceous lithologic traps and Upper Paleozoic structural-stratigraphy traps in the northern and eastern exploratory area.
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  Impact of bitumen on reservoir properties and hydrocarbon accumulation

  Chen Shijia; Fan Xiaojun; Lu Jungang; Wang Xulong and Fei Anguo

  , 2010, 37(1): 1793-0.

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  Bitumen is similar to the cement and autogenic clay filled in reservoir pores, and it dramatically reduces reservoir porosity and permeability, increases reservoir heterogeneity and even changes the oil/gas accumulation history at a later stage. Taking Santai-north Santai in the east of Junggar Basin as an example, through the experiment of comparing reservoir properties before and after the reservoir was soaked by organic solvent, this article analyzed the impact of bitumen on reservoir properties. After soaking, the porosity and permeability of the reservoir with bitumen has increased dramatically while that of the reservoir without bitumen has little change. The distribution and maturity difference of bitumen and oil in different horizons and different sandstones indicates that bitumen prevents oil/gas from entering the reservoir at a later stage. Therefore, oil/gas can only migrate into the reservoir with little or no bitumen, affecting the accumulation regularity in the area. Based on the above reasons, the exploration in Santai-north Santai should avoid the bitumen accumulation zone and find the reservoir with little interstitial material and featuring pure sandstone which is favorable for the accumulation of oil/gas at a later stage.
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  Technique of interactive subtraction multiple elimination: A case of Fushan Sag in Beibuwan Basin

  Gu Yuemin; Zhang Jinduo; Sun Weizhao; Lai Jiangde and Zhang Suhong

  , 2010, 37(1): 1794-0.

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  Volcanic rocks are widely developed in the Fushan Sag in Beibuwan Basin, and they create strong impedance interfaces with the shallow surrounding rocks, forming shields for seismic signals thus causing the attenuation of reflection energy at depth and affecting the quality of seismic data badly. So, multiples with volcanic are the prime problem of the seismic data processing in the area. By studying the developing features of the volcanics and the relationships between the volcanics and the multiples, and using the theories of the wave equations, we provide the technique of interactive subtraction multiple elimination. The feature of this technique is to eliminate the near offset multiples, and not to eliminate far offset multiples, which are eliminated by multiple stacking. The interactive subtraction multiple elimination technique has been used to process seismic data. Results show that it can eliminate multiples, protect useful signals and image, as well as improve the seismic data quality.
油气田开发
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  Calculation model of on-way parameters and heating radius in the superheated steam injection wellbore

  Zhou Tiyao; Cheng Linsong; He Chunbai; Pang Zhanxi and Zhou Fengjun

  , 2010, 37(1): 1795-0.

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  As superheated steam is single-phase gas, the ordinary steam heat loss calculation model based on two-phase flow theories isn't applicable. With the introduction of the PVT data sets, this article builds a calculation model of on-way parameters in the superheated steam injection wellbore. Based on some basic hypothesis, the mathematic expressions of superheated steam heating area and heating radius are presented. The calculated results and measured data for on-way change of steams in Well X16 of the Kenneyak Oilfield fit well with the field test results. The analysis shows that, with the heat transfer, the temperature of the superheated steam varies greatly, its pressure varies greater than ordinary steam, the steam quality is high when reaching the bottom hole, the steam enthalpy value is much higher, and the heating radius is bigger than that of ordinary steam.
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  Water production analysis and reservoir simulation of the Jilake condensate gas field

  Li Yong; Li Baozhu; Hu Yongle; Jiao Yuwei; Zhu Weihong; Xiao Xiangjiao and Niu Yu

  , 2010, 37(1): 1796-0.

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  The development of the Jilake condensate gas field is dominated by production of old wells, with complicated well status, serious impact of edge-bottom water, and difficulty in development and adjustment. Through the study of formation water salinity, color and density change of oil samples, diagnostic curve characteristic of modern production decline analysis, and individual-well water production, the reason for water production is analyzed as follows: gas wells with low water production are affected by local connate water, while gas wells with high water production are influenced by the bottom-edge water. Integrated with domestic and overseas modeling of oil rim gas condensate reservoirs, a fine geological model is built by Petrel geo-modeling software, and the approaches of non-equilibrium initialization and parameters initial value assignment is used to form the initialization model of the gas condensate field so as to correctly portrait the oil rim and local connate water. On the basis of the single-well water production analysis, the geological model is corrected through performance dynamic history match. The result provides a base and foundation for later development adjustment of this condensate gas field.
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  Numerical simulation of the nonlinear flow in ultra-low permeability reservoirs

  Yang Zhengming; Yu Rongze; Su Zhixin; Zhang Yanfeng and Cui Dayong

  , 2010, 37(1): 1797-0.

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  At present, ultra-low permeability reserves occupy a very large proportion in the proved and undeveloped reserves in China. So, it is necessary to research the law of the nonlinear porous flow in low permeability reservoirs. In this paper, on the basis of characteristics of low permeability formation and seepage flow mechanics in ultra-low permeability reservoirs, a nonlinear flow model which can better describe the characteristics of low permeability reservoirs is established. Based on this mathematical model, a new nonlinear mathematical model of numerical simulation is proposed. And by using the developed numerical simulation software of ultra-low permeability reservoir, the Shu 322 block in the Yushulin ultra-low permeability field is studied by means of numerical reservoir simulation. It is showed that pseudo-linear seepage flow only took place in a small range around the wellhead while nonlinear seepage flow dominated in a large scale of the formation. Therefore, taking nonlinear seepage flow into account is more suitable than only considering linear seepage flow and pseudo-startup pressure gradient.
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  A model of production data analysis for horizontal wells

  Wang Xiaodong; Hu Yongle and Ding Yiping

  , 2010, 37(1): 1798-0.

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  The production data analysis is one of hot spots of reservoir engineering recently, which combines conventional reservoir engineering analysis and modern well test analysis. Based on the theory of transient porous flow, the analysis provides a mathematical model, which not only reasonably predicts the production decline of oil or gas well but also effectively evaluates the physical properties of reservoirs. Theoretical charts of Agarwal-Gardner production decline curves and derivative curves for common horizontal wells are presented by solving the transient 3D porous flow in the bounded reservoir. The Agarwal-Gardner curves can be divided into two stages: the derivatives are disperse in the early transient decline stage and drawn to Arps harmonious decline in the late pseudo-steady state. The influence of the vertical location of horizontal wells on production decline in the mid-long term is negligible in a homogenous reservoir. A field example illustrates that, given the production data, the results in this article can be directly used to evaluate the reservoir characteristics and effectively forecast the long-term productivity for horizontal wells.
石油工程
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  Dynamic simulation of auto-centralizer for horizontal well traction robot based on ADAMS

  Bai Xianglin; Zhang Xutang and Liu Wenjian

  , 2010, 37(1): 1799-0.

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  Traction robot conveying technology is efficient in horizontal well logging. Auto-centralizer is an assistant support to bear the weight of robot and center robot in oil tube while logging. The mechanical model for auto-centralizer with four pair bias arms was built based on spring-lever mechanism. ADAMS (Automatic Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Systems) was applied to analyze the sensitiveness coefficient of structural parameters and spring force, thus optimizing the structural parameters. Consequently, a simulation model was built based on the optimization result, and a simulation study was carried out on the mechanics property and dynamic performance with ADAMS mechanics system modeling and simulation module. The results implied that the original structure had a disadvantage while crossing obstacles. Further studies indicated that the coupling hinge joint between the pair arms couldn’t form a closed triangle of force while crossing obstacles. We have employed an improved structure to overcome it by adding a connecting lever to eliminate the constraint between the arms. Contrast experiments show that the new structure avoids bearing load with one side and has less shock while crossing obstacles, thus improving the smoothness of movement for the traction robot.
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  Improving the rate of penetration by hydraulic pulsating-cavitating water jet under-balance pressure drilling

  Shi Huaizhong; Li Gensheng; Wang Xuejie; Shen Zhonghou; Niu Jilei; Huang Zhongwei and Liao Hualin

  , 2010, 37(1): 1800-0.

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  This paper studies the mechanism of rock breaking and clearing and improving the rate of penetration (ROP) in hydraulic pulsating-cavitating water jet underbalance pressure drilling. Field experiment in Well Jinlong 3, Junggar Basin demonstrates that the hydraulic pulsating-cavitating water jet underbalance pressure drilling can generate hydraulic pulse, cavitating erosion and local negative pressure effect. It can more effectively change bottom flow field, decrease rock breaking strength, promote bottomhole rock to leave on time, reduce bottomhole rock hold-down effect, and improve the rate of penetration. Compared with drilling the interval of 2 485-2 590 m by the underbalanced drilling, under the same drilling parameters, drilling the interval of 2 590-2 655 m by the underbalanced drilling of cone bit with hydraulic pulsating-cavitating generator and drilling the interval of 2 655-2 759 m by the underbalanced drilling of cone bit with hydraulic pulsating-cavitating water jet with hydraulic motor improve ROP, on average, 19.8% and 87.1%, respectively.
学术讨论
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  Problems with application of heptane and isoheptane values as light hydrocarbon parameters

  Wang Peirong; Xu Guanjun; Zhang Dajiang; Xiao Tingrong and Ren Dongling

  , 2010, 37(1): 1801-0.

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  The data of light hydrocarbon from 772 oil samples in 25 oilfields, with GC/MS data from 338 saturated hydrocarbon samples were used to discuss the relationship among kerogen type, heptane value, isoheptane value and C29sterane 20S/(20S+20R) ratio. The effect factors for the abnormal change of these parameters were studied. Although the heptane value and isoheptane value are related to kerogen type, the correlation is different from that in Thompson figure, so the correlation in the figure can not be directly used in research of land facies oil in China. Consideration should be taken when using the heptane value and isoheptane value because the secondary alteration and mixture of oil source are the main factors leading to the abnormal change of the heptane value and isoheptane value. The heptane and isoheptane values have larger maturity range than that of C29sterane 20S/(20S+20R). There are three types of oil samples (original immature oil, alteration oil and mixed source oil with different maturity) that may fall into the “Biodegradation” area of the Thompson figure. For the biodegraded oil out of the Thompson figure, the reservoir may have secondary injection possibility.
石油工程
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  Fault diagnosis of rod-pumping unit based on production rules system

  Wang Kai

  , 2010, 37(1): 1802-0.

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  Defects exist in the fault diagnosis of rod-pumping unit with traditional methods, so alternative diagnosis methods are required. According to the principle of the reasoning-based search technology used in artificial intelligence, this article analyzed the composition and working mechanism of the production rules system. After extracting features from indicator diagrams of pump working, the feature parameters, suction parameters, well data, fault codes and proposed improvements of the pumping system are input to the general database. According to the indicator diagrams about 18 typical operating modes and using the expertise, the computed feature parameters are compared and matched with the typical modes individually to form the inference engine and production rules that are stored in the general database. Thus, the production rules system is built. Ten oil-wells are selected randomly from an oilfield for test diagnosis. The contrast with the fault diagnosis by BP neural network shows that the method proposed in the article provides correct conclusions and reasonable improvements. The system is operable on-line and self-adaptable, enabling to increase recovery efficiency, reduce production cost, realize the automation & intelligentization of remote production control, and build digital oilfield.