珠江口盆地深水区陆缘地壳细颈化带构造变形及其油气地质意义
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彭光荣(1978-),男,重庆梁平人,硕士,中海石油(中国)有限公司深圳分公司高级工程师,主要从事油气勘探综合研究与管理。地址:广东省深圳市南山区后海滨路3168号中海油大厦A座,中海石油(中国)有限公司深圳分公司,邮政编码:518054。E-mail:penggr@cnooc.com.cn |
Copy editor: 谷江锐
收稿日期: 2024-12-02
修回日期: 2025-07-21
网络出版日期: 2025-07-23
基金资助
中海石油(中国)有限公司前瞻基础研究项目(KJQZ-2023-2001)
中国海洋石油集团有限公司“十四五”重大科技项目(KJGG2022-0103-03)
Tectonic deformation and its petroleum geological significance of continental margin necking zone in deepwater area of Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea
Received date: 2024-12-02
Revised date: 2025-07-21
Online published: 2025-07-23
基于高分辨率三维地震资料,系统分析南海北部陆缘珠江口盆地深水区地壳细颈化带岩石圈结构特征、减薄机制和裂陷期构造变形响应过程,并探讨其油气地质意义。研究表明:①盆地深水区细颈化带典型发育区位于白云凹陷和开平凹陷,地壳减薄剧烈,具中间薄、两翼厚的分布特征,发育多层次、多倾向的拆离断层体系;②细颈化带结构横向分异显著,发育4类薄化地壳结构,即白云主洼楔形强减薄结构、白云西洼哑铃式中等减薄结构、白云东箱形弱减薄结构、开平凹陷变质核杂岩式弱减薄结构,在地壳薄化程度与样式、拆离断层类型、同裂陷沉积地层分布、和岩浆作用强度等方面具有明显差异;③细颈化带减薄受陆缘岩石圈非均一流变学分层结构、幔源岩浆作用强度及拆离断层变形样式控制,在裂陷期经历文昌组沉积早期的均一伸展、文昌组沉积晚期的细颈化和恩平组沉积期的超伸展共3个阶段的构造变形;先存逆冲断层纯剪切变形活化、壳幔与壳间拆离断层简单剪切变形、下地壳流及韧性穹隆与主拆离断层差异耦合,分别在这3个阶段控制地壳减薄程度和结构的分异;④细颈化带油气成藏和富集横纵向差异性显著,发育4种薄化地壳结构-油气成藏模式,浅部油气成藏与深部地壳薄化结构具有关联性;其独特的岩石圈结构和变形过程,控制形成源-断-脊-砂配置良好的有利油气汇聚区,是油气富集成藏的关键,其中在中下地壳穹状隆起区及其向海倾侧翼油气勘探最为有利。新认识对深入理解海域沉积盆地中间型陆缘岩石圈减薄-破裂过程及指导珠江口盆地深水区油气勘探具有重要意义。
彭光荣 , 蔡国富 , 李洪博 , 张丽丽 , 向绪洪 , 郑金云 , 柳保军 . 珠江口盆地深水区陆缘地壳细颈化带构造变形及其油气地质意义[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2025 , 52(4) : 830 -841 . DOI: 10.11698/PED.20240747
Based on a set of high-resolution 3D seismic data from the northern continental margin of the South China Sea, the lithospheric structure, thinning mechanisms and related syn-rift tectonic deformation response processes in the crustal necking zone in the deepwater area of the Pearl River Mouth Basin were systematically analyzed, and the petroleum geological significance was discussed. The necking zone investigated in the study is located in the Baiyun Sag and Kaiping Sag in the deepwater area of the Pearl River Mouth Basin. These areas show extreme crustal thinned geometries of central thinning and flank thickening, characterized by multi-level and multi-dipping detachment fault systems. The necking zone exhibits pronounced lateral heterogeneity of structural architectures, which can be classified into four types of thinned crustal architectures, i.e. the wedge-shaped extremely thinned crustal architecture in the Baiyun Main Sub-sag, dumbbell-shaped moderately thinned crustal architecture in the Baiyun West Sub-sag, box-shaped weakly thinned crustal architecture in eastern Baiyun Sag, and metamorphic core complex weakly thinned crustal architecture in the Kaiping Sag. This shows great variations in the degree and style of crustal thinning, types of detachment faults, distribution of syn-rift sedimentary sequences, and intensity of magmatism. The thinning of the necking zone is controlled by the heterogeneous rheological stratification of lithosphere, intensity of mantle-derived magmatism, and deformation modes of detachment faults. The syn-rift tectonic deformation of the necking zone evolved through three phases, i.e. stretching during the early Wenchang Formation deposition period, necking during the late Wenchang Formation deposition period, and hyperextension during the Enping Formation deposition period. The crustal thinning extent and architectural differentiation in these phases were primarily controlled by three distinct mechanisms, i.e. the pure shear deformation activation of pre-existing thrust faults, the simple shear deformation of crust-mantle and inter-crust detachment faults, and differential coupling of lower crustal flow and ductile domes with main detachment faults. The hydrocarbon accumulation and enrichment in the necking zone exhibit marked spatial heterogeneity. Four distinct crustal thinned architecture-hydrocarbon accumulation models were identified in this study. The hydrocarbon accumulations in the shallow part exhibit significant correlations with their deep crustal thinned architectures. The unique lithospheric structure and deformation process predominantly control the favorable hydrocarbon accumulation zones with excellent source-fault-ridge-sand configurations, which is critical to reservoir-forming. The most promising exploration targets are mainly identified on the uplift zones and their seaward-dipping flanks associated with the middle and lower crustal domes. This research provides additional insights into lithospheric thinning-breakup process at intermediate continental margins of marine sedimentary basins, being significant for guiding the deepwater petroleum exploration in the Pearl River Mouth Basin.
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