Through lithofacies analysis and architecture anatomy of the Carboniferous Ross Sandstone turbidites outcropped at western Ireland, the depositional model of deepwater turbidite lobes is established. Seven types of lithofacies are recognized including goniatites-rich shale, laminated shale, laminated siltstone, massive sandstone, fine-medium sandstone with mud-gravel, basal gravel, and chaotic mudstone, which can be subdivided into units of three origins, turbidite lobe, turbidite channel, and slide-slump; and four hierarchical levels, lobe complex, lobe, lobe element and single sandstone layer. The lobes show apparent compensational stacking pattern, lobe elements display typical thickening-upward cycles on vertical profile, and the higher the hierarchical level, the better the preservation of the hierarchical boundary is. In general, turbidite lobe deposits appear as tabular, parallel/sub-parallel sandstone and mudstone interbeds, and change from thick, massive sandstone in the proximal end to thinner sandstone and mudstone interbeds from axis to fringe, with the sand-shale ratio and degree of sandstone amalgamation decreasing.
[1] 吴胜和. 储层表征与建模[M]. 北京: 石油工业出版社, 2010.
WU Shenghe. Reservoir characterization and modeling[M]. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press, 2010.
[2] WEIMER P, PETTINGILL H S.Global overview of deep-water exploration and production[J]. Atlas of Deep-Water Outcrops: AAPG Studies in Geology, 2007, 56: 7-11.
[3] KANE I A, PONTEN A S M. Submarine transitional flow deposits in the Paleogene Gulf of Mexico[J]. Geology, 2012, 40(12): 1119-1122.
[4] MAYALL M, JONES E, CASEY M.Turbidite channel reservoirs: Key elements in facies prediction and effective development[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2006, 23(8): 821-841.
[5] CLARK J D, PICKERING K T.Architectural elements and growth patterns of submarine channels: Application to hydrocarbon exploration[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1996, 80(2): 194-220.
[6] LIEN T, WALKER R G, MARTINSEN O J.Turbidites in the Upper Carboniferous Ross Formation, western Ireland: Reconstruction of a channel and spillover system[J]. Sedimentology, 2003, 50(1): 113-148.
[7] ELLIOTT T.Megaflute erosion surfaces and the initiation of turbidite channels[J]. Geology, 2000, 28(2): 119.
[8] PYLES D R.Architectural elements in a ponded submarine fan, Carboniferous Ross Sandstone, western Ireland[J]. Atlas of Deep-water Outcrops: AAPG Studies in Geology, 2007, 56: 206-209.
[9] PYLES D R.Multiscale stratigraphic analysis of a structurally confined submarine fan: Carboniferous Ross Sandstone, Ireland[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 2008, 92(5): 557-587.
[10] 吴胜和, 翟瑞, 李宇鹏. 地下储层构型表征: 现状与展望[J]. 地学前缘, 2012, 19(2): 15-23.
WU Shenghe, ZHAI Rui, LI Yupeng.Subsurface reservoir architecture characterization: Current status and prospects[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2012, 19(2): 15-23.
[11] PRELAT A, HODGSON D, FLINT S.Evolution, architecture and hierarchy of distributary deep-water deposits: A high-resolution outcrop investigation from the Permian Karoo Basin, South Africa[J]. Sedimentology, 2009, 56(7): 2132-2154.
[12] GERVAIS A, MULDER T, SAVOYE B, et al.Sediment distribution and evolution of sedimentary processes in a small sandy turbidite system(Golo system, Mediterranean Sea): Implications for various geometries based on core framework[J]. Geo-marine Letters, 2006, 26(6): 373-395.
[13] DEPTUCK M E, PIPER D J, SAVOYE B, et al.Dimensions and architecture of late Pleistocene submarine lobes off the northern margin of East Corsica[J]. Sedimentology, 2008, 55(4): 869-898.
[14] GRUNDV G S A, JOHANNESSEN E P, HELL-HANSEN W, et al. Depositional architecture and evolution of progradationally stacked lobe complexes in the Eocene Central Basin of Spitsbergen[J]. Sedimentology, 2014, 61(2): 535-569.
[15] JEGOU I, SAVOYE B, PIRMEZ C, et al.Channel-mouth lobe complex of the recent Amazon Fan: The missing piece[J]. Marine Geology, 2008, 252(1): 62-77.
[16] SALLER A, WERNER K, SUGIAMAN F, et al.Characteristics of Pleistocene deep-water fan lobes and their application to an upper Miocene reservoir model, offshore East Kalimantan, Indonesia[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 2008, 92(7): 919-949.
[17] MACDONALD H A, PEAKALL J, WIGNALL P B, et al.Sedimentation in deep-sea lobe-elements: Implications for the origin of thickening-upward sequences[J]. Journal of the Geological Society, 2012, 168(2): 319-332.
[18] STRAUB K M, PYLES D R.Quantifying the hierarchical organization of compensation in submarine fans using surface statistics[J]. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 2012, 82(11): 889-898.
[19] 林煜, 吴胜和, 王星, 等. 深水浊积朵叶储层构型模式研究[J]. 天然气地球科学, 2014, 25(8): 1197-1204.
LIN Yu, WU Shenghe, WANG Xing, et al.Research on reservoir architecture models of deep-water turbidite lobes[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 2014, 25(8): 1197-1204.
[20] MUTTI E, NORMARK W R.Comparing examples of modern and ancient turbidite systems: Problems and concepts, in marine clastic sedimentology[M]. Dordrecht: Springer, 1987: 1-38.
[21] SOMME T O, HELL-HANSEN W, MARTINSEN O J, et al.Relationships between morphological and sedimentological parameters in source-to-sink systems: A basis for predicting semi-quantitative characteristics in subsurface systems[J]. Basin Research, 2009, 21(4): 361-387.
[22] 张磊夫, 王红亮, 李英烈, 等. 砂岩融合的定量表征及其对储集层连通性的控制[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2017, 44(2): 1-9.
ZHANG Leifu, WANG Hongliang, LI Yinglie, et al.Quantitative characteristics of sandstone amalgamation and its impact on reservoir connectivity[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2017, 44(2): 1-9.
[23] HODGSON D M, FLINT S S, HODGETTS D, et al.Stratigraphic evolution of fine-grained submarine fan systems, Tanqua Depocenter, Karoo Basin, South Africa[J]. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 2006, 76(1): 20-40.
[24] STEPHEN K D, CLARK J D, GARDINER A R.Outcrop-based stochastic modeling of turbidite amalgamation and its effects on hydrocarbon recovery[J]. Petroleum Geoscience, 2001, 7(2): 163-172.
[25] SECH R P, JACKSON M D, HAMPSON G J.Three-dimensional modeling of a shoreface-shelf parasequence reservoir analog: Part 1. surface-based modeling to capture high-resolution facies architecture[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 2009, 93(9): 1155-1181.
[26] 黄继新, 穆龙新, 陈和平, 等. 基于沉积界面的储集层建模方法初探[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2013, 40(5): 591-594.
HUANG Jixin, MU Longxin, CHEN Heping, et al.Preliminary study on a depositional interface-based reservoir modeling method[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2013, 40(5): 591-594.
