油气勘探

等深流沉积:物理海洋学、过程沉积学和石油地质学

  • SHANMUGAM G
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  • Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
Shanmugam G(1944-),男,博士,美国德克萨斯州立大学教授,主要从事过程沉积学、事件沉积学、层序地层学、成岩作用、烃源岩地球化学等多方面研究。地址:Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences,The University of Texas at Arlington,Arlington, TX 76019, USA。E-mail: shanshanmugam@aol.com

收稿日期: 2016-06-26

  修回日期: 2017-01-18

  网络出版日期: 2017-05-22

Contourites: Physical oceanography, process sedimentology, and petroleum geology

  • SHANMUGAM G
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  • Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

Received date: 2016-06-26

  Revised date: 2017-01-18

  Online published: 2017-05-22

摘要

主要阐述与等深流沉积以及其他底流沉积相关的基本原理。深海底流分为温盐引起的自转型等深流、风力驱动底流、潮汐驱动底流(大多在海底峡谷)、内波/内潮汐驱动的斜压流4种基本类型,均常见牵引构造。等深流沉积是温盐引起的自转型等深流沉积体,粒级可为泥级或细砂级,含硅质或钙质碎屑。在古代等深流与其他等深流的区分方面,目前尚无沉积学或地震学诊断标准。在岩心和露头上,双黏土层是识别深海潮汐沉积的可靠指标。加的斯湾虽然是泥质等深流沉积相模式的代表,但并无真正的等深流沉积,仅受与地中海流出水(MOW)有关的短暂等深流影响,并受内波和内潮汐、浊流、海啸、飓风、泥火山、煤成气渗漏、沉积物供给、孔隙水排出和海底地形等其他复杂因素的影响。在加的斯湾综合大洋钻探(IODP)339项目岩心中没有发现能用于解释沉积过程的原生沉积构造,因此等深流沉积相模式应予废弃。4类底流改造砂体均具备成为油气储集层的潜力。在佛罗里达海峡大巴哈马浅滩(Great Bahama Bank)附近的等深流沉积,因为其中的泥质成分被强烈的等深流从粒间原生孔隙中簸选出来,最大测量孔隙度为40%,最大渗透率达9 881×10-3 μm2。现代等深流的实证数据也显示其具有发育盖层和烃源岩的潜力。因此,未来石油勘探与开发应重点关注这些经常被忽视的深海硅质和钙质碎屑等深流沉积储集层。图15表2参162

本文引用格式

SHANMUGAM G . 等深流沉积:物理海洋学、过程沉积学和石油地质学[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2017 , 44(2) : 177 -195 . DOI: 10.11698/PED.2017.02.02

Abstract

The purpose of this critical review is to address fundamental principles associated with contourites and other bottom-current deposits. The four basic types of deep-marine bottom currents are: (1) thermohaline-induced geostrophic contour currents, (2) wind-driven bottom currents, (3) tide-driven bottom currents, mostly in submarine canyons, and (4) internal wave/tide-driven baroclinic currents. Contourites are deposits of thermohaline-driven geostrophic contour currents. Contourites can be muddy or sandy in texture, siliciclastic or calciclastic in composition. Traction structures are common in deposits of all four types of bottom currents. However, there are no diagnostic sedimentological or seismic criteria for distinguishing ancient contourites from other three types. The Gulf of Cadiz is the type locality for the contourite facie model based on muddy lithofacies. However, this site is affected not only by contour currents associated with the Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) but also by other factors, such as internal waves and tides, turbidity currents, tsunamis, cyclones, mud volcanism, methane seepage, sediment supply, porewater venting, and bottom topography. IODP (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program) 339 cores from the Gulf of Cadiz do not show primary sedimentary structures, which are necessary for interpreting depositional processes. Therefore, the contourite facies model is sedimentologically obsolete. Bottom-current reworked sands of all four types have the potential for developing petroleum reservoirs. Modern sandy carbonate contourites have a measured maximum porosity of 40% and a maximum permeability of 9 881×10 -3 μm2 due to the winnowing away of muds from the intergranular primary pores by vigorous contour currents. These carbonate contourites are hemiconical-shaped bodies that are up to 600 m in thickness and nearly 60 km in length. Empirical data of modern contourites also show potential for seal and source-rock development. Therefore, future petroleum exploration and development should focus attention on these often overlooked siliciclastic and calciclastic deep-marine reservoirs.

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