TheMiddle=LowerOrdovician in the northern Tarim Basin experienced two phases of karstification in theMiddle Caledonian and in the EarlyHercynian，respectively.The karstification mainly took place under low temperature meteoric water conditions at surface or near the surface，and was controlled by five factors;that is，structures（prototype basins and tectonic transformation），sequences（configuration and patterns），lithofacies（sedimentary facies and diagenetic facies），source of fluids（surface，formation and deep fluids）and time.This resulted in fracturedˉvuggy karst reservoirs of various typeswith strong heterogeneity and significant zonation.In the north zone，reservoir spaces are dom inated by big caves and fractures;in the m iddle zone，reservoir spaces are pores，vuggs and fractures;in the south zone，reservoir spaces are mainly fractures with local vuggs and pores.The major controlling factors vary in different areas and different layers.Multistage karstification cycles occurred during the long time and multistage exposure in the north ofTahe area.The development of reservoirs is controlled by single-factor but multistage effectswhich are dom inated by surface karstification，and three sets of cavern-type reservoirs are formed.In the south where the Upper Ordovician is relatively thick，because of short-time exposure and relatively weak karstification，the development of favorable reservoirs are jointly controlled by peleotopography，exposure time，high-energy facie zones，distribution of fractures and faults as well as later burial and dissolution.

对塔河油田442口钻遇奥陶系井的岩溶型储层段的研究表明，塔河地区中-下奥陶统碳酸盐岩地层受到了加里东中期和海西早期两期岩溶作用的改造，岩溶作用主要发生在地表或近地表的低温大气水条件下，受控于构造（原型盆地、构造变形）、层序（结构、样式）、岩相（沉积相、成岩相）、流体（地表、地层、深源）和时间等5种因素，形成了储集类型多样、非均质性强、分带性明显的岩溶缝洞储集体。北带以大洞、大缝为主，中带为孔-洞-缝型，南带为局部有孔、洞的裂缝型储层。不同地区和层系主控因素各不相同。塔河北部地区在长期和多期的暴露过程中，发生了多期岩溶旋回的叠加，储层形成受控于以表生岩溶为主的单因素多期复合作用，形成了3套洞穴型储层;在上奥陶统覆盖较厚的南部地区，由于暴露时间短，岩溶作用相对较弱，有利储层的发育同时受古地形及暴露时间、高能相带、断裂裂缝分布和后期埋藏溶蚀等多因素的联合作用所控制。

The Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in Tahe oilfield are dominated by karst-fractures carbonates with special characteristics.The favourable reservoirs were mainly distributed below 1-120m of weathering crust of Lower Ordovician.The reservoirs showed obvious diversities and severe heterogeneity.In order to design suitable development programme, some concepts such as fissured cave system, reservoir heterogeneity, and determining of double medium, reservoir stochastic modelling and importance of reservoir performance were analyzed and discussed.

塔河油田奥陶系油藏为岩溶缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层,油藏类型十分特殊。有利的油气储层主要分布在奥陶系风化面以下0～120m范围内,油藏开发地质特征具有明显的多样性和严重的非均质性。通过对该油藏开发特征的分析和认识,指出了该油藏目前开发研究中的若干问题。与此同时,对此类油藏开发研究中一些理论概念和相关认识诸如岩溶缝洞系统的概念、储层非均质性、双重介质的界定、储层随机建模以及开发动态研究的重要性等问题进行了分析和讨论。

A study of the Ordovician fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs in the Tahe oilfield is carried out to determine the concept and features of paleo-cavern systems in these reservoirs.Also included in the study are the formation,evolution,and deformation of these systems as well as their role in compartmentalization of reservoirs.The study points out that the compartmentalization of these reservoirs is mainly caused by collapse,filling,and fracturing processes of the pale-cavern systems.It is therefore suggested that these heterogeneous reservoirs formed by karstification and tectonic movements shall be described systematically and hierarchically from a karst system level(paleo-cavern system)and reservoir level(fracture-vug unit).The idea is applied to the study area and gains positive results.

以塔河奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏为原型,厘定了古溶洞系统的概念与特征,探讨了其形成、演化、改造以及对油藏的分隔作用,提出了古溶洞系统的垮塌充填-断裂体系是造成油藏分隔化作用的主要因素。针对该类油藏由于喀斯特作用与构造作用所造成的缝洞储集体非均质性特征,认为其油藏描述应按照系统性、层次性思路,分岩溶体系(古溶洞系统)与油藏体系(缝洞单元)两个级次来进行。与此同时,按照对喀斯特油藏描述调整后的思路与技术方法对研究区古溶洞系统与开发井位部署之间关系进行了描述,取得了良好效果。

The existing methods for establishing geological knowledge database include dense well pattern anatomy, outcrop anatomy, modern sedimentation anatomy, sedimentary simulation experiment, and so on. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are firstly analyzed in this article. Then the method of building geological knowledge database by using the Google Earth software is proposed combined with the basic geological idea of "the present being a key to the past". Google Earth is a virtual globe, map and geographic information program that were created by Keyhole, Inc, a company acquired by Google in 2004. It maps the Earth by the superimposition of images obtained from satellite imagery, aerial photography and GIS 3D globe. The steps and basic principals for measuring the meandering channel by Google Earth are introduced, and a series of fundamental data which consist of channel width, pointbar length and its arc length of different areas and different curvatures are measured. The data sheets are made based on the measurements. Furthermore, both the existing empirical formula and the formula obtained by fitting measurement data are analyzed integratedly.   The database established by the Google Earth method proposed here is mainly composed of three parts  basic measurement data sheets, the macro images and the empirical formulas. Each part has its functions: the basic data provide quantitative modeling data; the macro images provide development features of meandering rivers; while the empirical formulas provide directly available algorithm reference formulas. Case studies of typical meandering rivers in areas of South America and Hailar, and the point bars of lowcurvature meandering river of middle stream and downstream Pearl River are shown here. Results of the case studies demonstrated the feasibility of this method of using Google Earth to establish the geological knowledge database.   Statistical analysis of the measured data shows that there are different positive correlations between channel width and point bar length of meandering rivers of different areas and different curvatures. According to the statistical data of meandering rivers in South America and Pearl River, and combined with previous studies, similar positive correlations between channel width and point bar length are found. Fitting correlation coefficient can reach as high as 0.92, indicating that the correlation between channel width and point bar length is universal. According to the fitting of all measured data, correlations under different curvatures are different. There are obvious correlation between channel width and point bar length of meandering rivers when their curvatures are above 1.7, with correlation coefficients higher than 0.85. While  the curvature of the meandering river is between 1.4~1.7, the correlation coefficient is around 0.75, and declines when curvature is under 1.4. The result of our research shows that development of point bars is controlled by the curvature of the meandering river. As the curvature declines, the correlation between channel width and point bar length of meandering rivers weakens. The bigger curvature, the easier for large and typical point bars to develop. As we found that not all underground reservoirs are developed in large or typical point bars, we suggest geologists strengthen the study about meandering rivers with curvatures smaller than 1.7, so as to get better prediction of reservoirs, and achieve reservoir geological modeling.    Different quantitative formulas are needed for correlations between channel width and point bar length of meandering rivers from different areas and different curvatures. This reflects the "differences in common" characteristic of geological models of meandering rivers. Borrowing ideas from the thought of "training image library" in multiplepoint geostatistics algorithms, we suggest that a meandering river model database should be included within a meandering river geological knowledge database, instead of establishing a single simple geological model. Only by this way, better comparison and prediction of underground reservoir modeling can be achieved.   Restricted by data amount and dispersion of all data, correlation coefficients between channel width and point bar length of meandering rivers in South America area are mostly relatively low. The correlation coefficients of meandering rivers don't change very much as curvatures vary among 1.4~1.7 and below 1.4. So the laws of statistics are not only affected by the amount of data, but also influenced by the dispersion of the data. Because the lack of modern sedimentation study or depth measurement tools such as groundpenetrating radars, no empirical formulas of width/ depth ratio are given here. Actually, each method has got its limitations in application. Although the approach proposed in this article can provide good supplement in quantitative and macro holistic aspects of existing database establishing methods, with plenty of quantitative data of meandering channels from different regions and different curvatures, depicted observations of abandoned channels, detailed morphological classifications and numerical fitting of abandoned channels, and instructional prediction of unmeasured point bars, it has limitations of establishing three dimensional models. That  is why we finally suggest that comprehensive study of a variety of methods to establish the geological knowledge base should be adopted in practical reservoir modeling. 

在对密井网解剖、露头解剖、现代沉积解剖、沉积模拟实验等建立地质知识库方法优缺点分析基础上，利用Google Earth软件测量了一系列曲流河道的基础数据，结合“将今论古”思想，提出了基于Google Earth软件建立曲流河地质知识库的方法。首先，分析了已有方法的优缺点。其次，介绍了Google Earth软件测量曲流河道的方法步骤，并测量了不同地区不同曲率的河道宽度、点坝长度及弧长，得到了一系列测量数据，建立了测量数据表，并结合已有经验公式与测量数据拟合得到的公式综合分析。结果表明，不同环境中曲流河的河道宽度和点坝长度具不同的相关关系，曲流河的地质知识库不能按统一标准考虑。在不同曲率情况下，河道宽度和点坝长度之间的相关关系亦不同，且随着曲率的减少，其相关关系减弱，反映出点坝的发育程度受河流弯曲程度控制。最后，建议采用建立地质模式库的思想建立定量化曲流河地质知识库，用于对储层建模进行有效约束。

In order to efficiently apply and effectively spread the knowledge of marine hydrocarbon, in terms of the ontology for knowledge representation, a variety of documents were translated into standard TXT documents in which all the clauses were segmented into a set of words by marine-facies and relevant ones to extract ontology concepts from marine-facies geology. On the basis of B/S infrastructure, the knowledge system of marine hydrocarbon was successfully implemented, on which the marine-facies knowledge could be automatically acquired from a variety of documents. The maintainable function of the knowledge system for majority words and relevant words guarantees the accuracy of knowledge acquisition. The knowledge of marine hydrocarbon was retrieved quickly and shared widely. The knowledge system is proved to be reliable, efficient and practical.

为了有效利用和普及海相油气地质知识，采用本体的知识表示，通过各类文档转换为标准TXT文档后，以专业词条和关联关系词条为基础，实现文档句子的词条分割和概念本体的提取。基于B/S结构，实现了海相油气地质知识系统，完成了海相油气地质知识从各类文档中进行知识的自动获取。通过该系统的词条维护功能，确保提高知识获取的精度。最后在海相油气地质知识系统上实现知识检索和共享。实践证明，该知识系统可靠性强，性能良好，已达到实用水平。

Abstract: Marine carbonate reservoirs are characterized by high propensity for dissolution and filling and complexity of genesis and evolution. We performed description of sedimentary environment, study of forming mechanism and development models, and prediction of distribution of carbonate reservoirs in the CambrianOrdovician in Tarim Basin and the PermianTriassic in Northeastern Sichuan Basin, and came to the following three conclusions. First, the behaviors of carbonates dissolution are quite different depending on lithologies, structures, fluids and fillings as well as the system being open or closed. However, they still obey the law of “dissolution window”. Secondly，carbonate reservoirs are principally controlled by sedimentary environment and diagenetic process. Analysis of five influential factors including structures，stratigraphy，lithofacies，fluids and forming time shows that reservoirs in different areas and different layers are different in genesis，controlling factors and distributing characteristics. Thirdly，the geophysical prediction for carbonate reservoirs are confronted with complex surface conditions, complicated structures，great burial depth，complicated geometry and strong heterogeneity. However, the spatial distribution of highquality carbonate reservoirs can be predicted effectively by utilizing the integrated predicting methods including petrophysical characteristic analysis of logging data，processing of highresolution 3D seismic data，calibration of seismic data with well data, differentiation of geological and geophysical characteristics of different types of reservoirs，construction of the model of the geophysical response to carbonate reservoirs，demonstration of the discontinuity and irregularity of reservoirs，as well as quantitative calculation of the physical parameters and the hydrocarbon potential of carbonate reservoirs.

摘要：针对碳酸盐岩储层具有易溶蚀、易充填和成因、演化复杂的特点，以塔里木盆地寒武系-奥陶系、川东北二叠系-三叠系为主要对象，开展了环境描述、形成机理、发育模式和分布预测的研究，取得了以下三方面的认识。①不同条件下碳酸盐岩溶蚀能力对比实验表明，不同岩性、岩石结构、流体介质、添加物加入在开放与封闭状态下，碳酸盐岩溶蚀行为差异很大，但基本上遵循碳酸盐岩溶解—沉淀的“溶蚀窗”规律。②碳酸盐岩储层总体上受控于环境与地质作用过程两大条件。通过对不同类型储集体“五因素”（构造、地层、岩相、流体、时间）的剖析，表明不同地区和层系的储层分别具有各自特有的成因特点、主控因素和分布规律。③海相碳酸盐岩储层预测面临复杂地表—构造、埋深大、形态复杂、非均质性强等不利条件，通过“以岩石物理分析为基础，提高地震资料处理技术水平，利用井—震结合，厘清不同类型碳酸盐岩储层地质特征和地球物理响应特征，建立碳酸盐岩储层的地球物理响应模式，分析其非线性特征，揭示储层内部的不连续性、不规则性，定量计算储层物性和含油气性”技术路线的实施，可以有效预测优质碳酸盐岩储层的空间分布。关键词：岩溶储层；白云岩储层；礁滩储层；成因机理；碳酸盐岩；塔里木盆地；四川盆地

Reservoir spaces of fractured-vuggy carbonates mainly,include large caverns,dissolved pores and fractures,which are varied in scale,irregular in shapes and discontinuous in distribution.There still have no effective geological modeling method for quantitative descriptions of 3D reservoir space distributions in fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs.In this paper,taking Tahe fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoir as an example,we put forward a 3D geological modeling method of fractured-vuggy reservoir under the constraint of multiple geological factors,i.e.two-step modeling under the control of ancient karst development pattern.In the first step,4 single-type reservoir models were established.After large cavens and large-scale fractures were identified by using seismic data,a discrete large cavern model and a discrete large-scale fracture model were established first with deterministic modeling method.Then,under the constraint of karst facies and based on development probability volumes of dissolved pores and interwell fractures,a dissolved pore model and a discrete small-scale fracture model were established by using the stochastic multi-attribute coordinated modeling method.In the second step,the 4 single-type reservoir models were merged into a 3D multiscale discrete geological model of fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs by using the diadochic assignment algorithm.The final model can quantitatively describe the 3D distribution of the fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs,and provide geological foundation for oilfield development.

碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏储集空间类型主要为大型溶洞、溶蚀孔洞及裂缝,尺度大小悬殊,形态不规则,分布不连续。定量刻画孔、洞、缝在三维空间的展布一直是该类油藏开发的技术难题,目前尚缺乏有效的地质建模方法。以塔河碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏为原型,提出了多元约束碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏三维地质建模方法,即在古岩溶发育模式控制下,采用两步法建模。第一步,建立4个单一类型储集体模型:首先利用地震识别的大型溶洞和大尺度裂缝,通过确定性建模方法,建立离散大型溶洞模型和离散大尺度裂缝模型;然后在岩溶相控约束下,基于溶洞发育概率体和井间裂缝发育概率体,采用随机建模多属性协同模拟方法,建立溶蚀孔洞模型和小尺度离散裂缝模型。第二步,采用同位条件赋值算法,将4个单一类型模型融合成多尺度离散缝洞储集体三维地质模型。该模型定量刻画了缝洞储集体在三维空间的展布特征,为油田开发奠定了坚实的地质基础。