塔中古隆起碳酸盐岩断裂破碎带构造样式及其石油地质意义

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能源, 杨海军, 邓兴梁. 塔中古隆起碳酸盐岩断裂破碎带构造样式及其石油地质意义[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2018,45(1): 40-50.
NENG Yuan, YANG Haijun, DENG Xingliang. Structural patterns of fault broken zones in carbonate rocks and their influences on petroleum accumulation in Tazhong Paleo-uplift, Tarim Basin, NW China[J]. Petroleum Exploration & Development, 2018,45(1): 40-50. 复制到剪切板

Doi: 10.11698/PED.2018.01.04
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塔中古隆起碳酸盐岩断裂破碎带构造样式及其石油地质意义

能源^1,², 杨海军¹, 邓兴梁¹

1. 中国石油塔里木油田公司勘探开发研究院,新疆库尔勒 841000

2. 中国石油大学（北京）克拉玛依校区,新疆克拉玛依 834000

第一作者简介：能源（1982-）,男,山东费县人,博士,中国石油塔里木油田公司勘探开发研究院高级工程师,主要从事复杂构造带构造建模及油气勘探工作。地址：新疆库尔勒市石化大道26号,塔里木油田公司勘探开发研究院,邮政编码：841000。E-mail：nengyuan@foxmail.com

收稿日期: 2017-06-25

基金项目: 国家科技重大专项（2016ZX05004-004）

摘要

通过野外地质露头调查、三维地震资料解释及钻井资料分析,建立塔中古隆起碳酸盐岩破碎带构造样式及分布方式,揭示断裂破碎带内油气富集规律。野外露头建模表明碳酸盐岩断裂破碎带系统由断层核、分支断层与破碎带3部分组成。破碎带受控于主断层的活动性质,沿主断层破碎带平面样式及规模具有明显差异。三维地震剖面揭示塔中古隆起碳酸盐岩地层内发育走滑型、冲断型及叠合型3种类型断裂破碎带,走滑型破碎带剖面上表现为“三花六带”的结构特征,平面上可以划分为线性带、斜列带、羽状带及马尾带4种亚类;冲断型可以划分为断背斜型、背斜型及斜坡型3个亚类;叠合型破碎带是上述两种破碎带叠加而成,表现为交叉型、围绕型和透入型3种样式。单井岩心及油气地球化学资料反映出油气具有沿主断层走向及侧向两种运移方式。走滑型破碎带内的羽状带、冲断型破碎带内的断背斜型及叠加型破碎带内交叉型是高产高效井部署的有利区域。图7表1参44

关键词: 塔中古隆起; 碳酸盐岩; 断裂破碎带; 破碎带样式; 高产井区; 构造样式

中图分类号:TE122.1 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1000-0747(2018)01-0040-11

Structural patterns of fault broken zones in carbonate rocks and their influences on petroleum accumulation in Tazhong Paleo-uplift, Tarim Basin, NW China

NENG Yuan^1,², YANG Haijun¹, DENG Xingliang¹

1. Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina Tarim Oilfield Company, Korla 841000, China

2. China University of Petroleum-Beijing at Karamay, Karamay 834000, China

Abstract

Based on the outcrop survey, 3D seismic data interpretation, drilling data analysis, the structural patterns and distribution of fault broken zones in carbonate formations of Tazhong Paleo-uplift were established to reveal the oil and gas enrichment pattern in the fault broken zones. The following findings were reached: (1) Through the filed survey, the fault broken zone system consists of fault core, branch fault and fracture network. Affected by the active nature of the major faults, the fault broken zones differ in planar pattern and scale along the major faults. (2) 3D seismic profiles reveal that there are three types of fault broken zones in carbonate strata in Tazhong paleo-uplift, strike-slip fault broken zones, thrust fault broken zones and superimposed fault broken zones. Featuring 3 flowers and 6 belts, the strike-slip fault broken zone can be subdivided into linear type,inclined type, feather type and horsetail type. Thrust fault broken zones can be further divided into fault anticline type, anticline type and slope type. As the superimposition result of the above two kinds of fault broken zones, superimposed fault broken zones appear in three patterns, intersect type, encompassment type and penetrating type. (3) Cores from wells and geochemical data show oil and gas may migrate along the major fault and laterally. The feather type in strike-slip fault system, fault anticline type in thrust fault broken zone and intersect type in superimposed fault broken zone are possible sites for high production and efficiency wells.

Keyword: Tazhong Paleo-uplift; carbonate strata; fault broken zone; structural pattern; high production well area; structural pattern

文章图片

0 引言

塔中古隆起是塔里木盆地重要的油气富集区之一, 经过多年勘探, 在其古生界碳酸盐岩地层内发现了多个油气藏^{[1, 2, 3, 4]}。目前研究认为构造演化及断裂活动对油气运聚具有重要影响^{[5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]}。塔中古隆起主要形成于中晚加里东期— 海西期, 喜马拉雅期再次活动^[5], 受区域应力场控制, 古生界内发育北西向、北东向及近东西向等多组断裂, 表现出逆冲断层与走滑断层交织发育的复杂构造变形特征^{[6, 7, 8, 9, 10]}。切割至寒武系内的深大断裂不但是油气向上运移的有效通道^{[9, 10, 11]}, 同时断裂及裂缝的改造作用还可以有效提高低孔低渗碳酸盐岩储集层储集性能^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17]}。目前对断裂的研究仍主要集中在断裂样式^{[8, 9, 10, 11]}、活动期次^[10]、应力分布^[18]、成岩作用^[15]及其对油气的输导作用等方面^{[9, 11, 19]}, 针对断裂带周缘破碎带发育规律及有效储集层分布特点研究仍然较少^[17]。国外学者在20世纪80年代就发现了断裂破碎带（fault damage zone）的存在^{[20, 21]}, Chester等通过对San Andreas大断裂的研究后将断裂带内部结构划分断层核（fault core）和破碎带（damage zone）两部分^[22], 两者的区别在于断层核内部岩石在原地破碎混杂严重, 先存沉积及构造特征均被破坏, 因此形成低渗透的致密带; 而破碎带则发育分支断层及裂缝, 地层面及构造内部组构均得到保留^[23]。早期一系列呈斜列式排列的裂缝带经过进一步演化可形成断裂带, 因此破碎带的样式与断裂带的演化相关, 不同断裂带不同演化阶段可形成不同的破碎带样式^{[24, 25, 26]}。前人基于裂缝的成因, 将破碎带分为冲断型^{[27, 28, 29]}、走滑型^[30]、侵入型^[31]、伸展型^[32]等多种类型。Annette G M等通过野外露头观察, 总结了碳酸盐岩地层小尺度正断层、走滑断层与逆断层产生的破碎带样式, 将破碎带划分为与断层连接型和斜列展布型, 同时指出走滑和逆冲断层形成的破碎带样式相对于正断层破碎带样式更为复杂^[24]。Young-Seo等则根据破碎带相对断层的位置将破碎带划分为尾端型、岩墙型和连接型^[33]。目前断裂破碎带的研究方法主要有野外露头观察^[34]、岩心观察^[35]、薄片鉴定^[36]、构造模拟实验^{[37, 38]}等多种手段。总体而言破碎带的宽度与断层的位移成正相关关系, 即断层的位移越大, 破碎带的宽度亦越大^{[26, 39, 40, 41]}, Johri等应用地震资料及成像测井资料对井下裂缝及断裂发育特征进行研究, 为地下断裂破碎带研究提供了定量预测方法^[42]。破碎带除了受断层活动影响以外, 还受地层岩性、成岩作用、构造演化、地层流体等多种因素影响, 具有一定复杂性^{[23, 24, 27, 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38]}。

塔中古隆起奥陶系碳酸盐岩地层埋深超过6 000 m, 其内部发育缝洞型储集层, 在三维地震剖面上可以形成串珠、杂乱、丘状反射等特征^{[43, 44]}, 大量的钻井资料也为超深层破碎带建模提供了基础。本文基于塔中古隆起三维地震资料, 综合岩心、野外露头等地质资料开展断裂破碎带建模及储集层分布规律研究, 同时根据油、气、水等流体分布及地球化学指标的差异讨论破碎带对油气运聚的控制作用。

1 区域地质概况

塔中古隆起位于塔里木盆地中东部, 呈北西— 南东走向, 其北部紧邻北部坳陷, 南部与西南坳陷相接（见图1a）。塔中古隆起垂向上可划分为3层结构（见图1b、图1c）, 上构造层（石炭系— 第四系）主要沉积陆相碎屑岩地层, 以砂泥岩沉积为主, 下石炭统内发育生屑灰岩, 地层沉积厚度稳定, 覆盖于奥陶系潜山之上; 中构造层（上寒武统— 泥盆系）为海相碳酸盐岩、碎屑岩沉积, 志留系、泥盆系砂岩及奥陶系桑塔木组泥岩向古隆起之上超覆沉积, 上寒武统— 奥陶系碳酸盐岩地层主要沉积了海相白云岩、灰岩, 奥陶系碳酸盐岩地层顶面为连续强反射界面（TOs）, 在全区可追踪（见图1b、图1c）; 下构造层（中下寒武统及以下地层）沉积中寒武统膏盐岩地层与下寒武统白云岩地层。断裂和潜山是塔中古隆起构造活动的主要表现形式, 地震剖面显示（见图1b、图1c）, 在中下构造层内主要发育逆冲与走滑两类断裂, 其中逆冲断裂主要为北西— 南东走向, 集中在塔中1号坡折带、塔中10号带及塔中主垒带（见图1a红色）; 走滑断裂呈北东— 南西走向（见图1a蓝色）, 在两类断裂控制下, 沿断裂带形成了多类型的碳酸盐岩破碎带, 破碎带内多发育缝洞型储集体, 为油气富集提供了有利场所。

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	图1 塔中古隆起奥陶系碳酸盐岩顶面断裂系统（a）及典型地震剖面图（b、c） O₁p— 奥陶系蓬莱坝组; O₃s— 奥陶系桑塔木组; — C₃xq— 寒武系下秋里塔格组

2 碳酸盐岩断裂破碎带特征

2.1 野外露头碳酸盐岩断裂破碎带发育特征

受构造活动影响, 塔中古隆起古生界被巨厚的中、新生界所覆盖, 且地表为沙漠区, 鲜有古生界出露。而塔里木盆地西北部柯坪构造带受南天山造山带影响（见图2）, 古生界碳酸盐岩地层被推覆至地表后又经受了走滑应力改造, 因此该地区可见一系列不同类型的断裂破碎带, 具有如下特征。

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	图2 柯坪地区野外断裂破碎带发育特征图（岩性为灰岩、含泥灰岩及鲕粒灰岩）

①断裂破碎带具有较强的结构性, 由断层核、分支断层和破碎带3部分组成, 破碎带由次级断层和大量裂缝带组成, 断层核可以是狭长的线性断裂（见图2a、图2b）, 也可能是具有一定宽度的复杂岩性带（见图2c、图2d）。

②沿单一断裂, 破碎带的分布具有明显的差异性, 破碎带主要集中发育于断裂的交会部位（见图2a）、转折部位（见图2e）、叠置部位（见图3）及尾端（见图2d）等。

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	图3 野外露头典型走滑断裂破碎带照片（a）及素描图（b）

③走滑断裂与逆冲断裂可以形成不同的破碎带类型, 走滑断裂破碎带范围较大, 断裂两盘均有分布, 破碎带规模受控于主断层及分支断层样式（见图2e、图3）, 逆冲断裂破碎带主要发育于逆冲断层断面附近及其上盘, 破碎带规模不但受控于逆冲断裂断面产状, 同时也受控于上盘断背斜样式（见图2c、图2d）。

④多种断裂交织形成的复杂断裂系统内（见图3）, 破碎带的分布状态受控于断裂的组合样式, 可以表现出羽状、“ 十” 字状、“ V” 状、线性等多种样式, 裂缝发育密度、张开程度和储集层发育程度均有差异。

⑤断裂破碎带内储集层的发育存在差异, 断层核内如果发育断层角砾（见图2c）或被硅质充填（见图3）, 储集层性质变差, 如果发育张裂缝或溶蚀孔洞, 则储集层较好（见图2b）。破碎带内储集层主要受破碎带规模、裂缝性质、溶蚀作用及原岩岩性影响。图2a中断层核两侧岩性存在差异, 左侧发育大量藻丘和生物碎屑, 因此破碎带内储集层较好, 而右侧则以纯灰岩为主, 因此虽然裂缝发育规模较大, 但是储集层发育规模较小。图2b则可见断层核两侧存在不同的破碎溶蚀带, 其中断层上部溶蚀带多集中于分支断层上, 而下部溶蚀带则表现为呈透入性的大规模分布特征。图2d在逆冲断裂的尾端, 地层破碎程度明显增大, 储集层相对较发育。

2.2 塔中古隆起深层碳酸盐岩断裂破碎带特征

塔中古隆起碳酸盐岩灰岩顶面（TOs）地震相干属性揭示（见图4a）, 北东向走滑断裂与北西向逆冲断裂相互交织形成复杂断裂系统, 主断层带附近可见明显的“ 串珠” 反射及地震波组变化（见图4b、图4c）, 表明主断层带附近发育次级断层及断层相关破碎带。

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	图4 塔中古隆起奥陶系碳酸盐岩顶面地震相干属性图（a）及中古10（b）、中古12（c）断裂带典型地震剖面图

中古10断裂为典型的北东— 南西走向的走滑断裂（见图4a断裂④）, 具有明显的分段特征。断裂西南段主要表现为线性断裂特征, 中段与塔中10号带相交, 东北段呈羽状撒开。地震剖面显示西南段走滑断裂断面平直, 向上切割至志留系, 向下切穿寒武系, 该段碳酸盐岩顶面分支断层较少, 发育深浅两组破碎带, 破碎带围绕断裂带呈对称分布（见图4b, 剖面A）。中古10断裂与塔中10号带相交部位地震剖面上发育两条断裂, 受断裂活动影响碳酸盐岩地层浅部发育围绕着断裂分布的两组破碎带, 深部则只发育一组破碎带但规模大于浅层（见图4b, B剖面）。越过塔中10号带走滑断裂活动明显加强, 主断裂形成深浅两组破碎带且规模明显大于次级断裂（见图4b, C剖面）。中古10断裂中段与北段连接处, 断裂活动微弱, 仅在深部发育规模较小的破碎带（见图4b, D剖面）。中古10断裂东北段尾端次级断裂呈羽状撒开, 沿着分支断层断裂破碎带规模明显加大（见图4b, E、F剖面）, 在破碎带内可见“ 串珠” 、丘状及杂乱状地震反射特征。

中古12断裂带为典型的逆冲断裂带, 断裂带上盘形成背斜构造样式, 自西向东随着逆冲断层的活动性逐渐减弱, 背斜构造样式由两翼近对称的高陡断背斜转换为北翼陡、南翼缓的非对称背斜, 最终过渡为单斜构造。逆冲断裂破碎带可以发育在背斜核部（见图4c, G剖面）、逆冲断层带周缘（见图4c, H、I剖面）及背斜两翼转折端（见图4c, H、I剖面）。在背斜样式转换为单斜样式部位（见图4c, J剖面）走滑断裂活动加强, 形成拉分掉块, 在掉块内产生破碎带。

3 塔中古隆起断裂破碎带样式

根据野外露头及地震剖面特征, 认为塔中古隆起发育“ 走滑型” 、“ 冲断型” 及“ 叠合型” 3种破碎带类型。

3.1 走滑型断裂破碎带

塔中典型地震剖面（见图5a）显示, 走滑断裂破碎带具有垂向分层与平面分带特征。由于塔中古隆起内地层分为3层结构, 地层岩性变化较大, 中寒武统膏盐岩、上寒武统— 奥陶系碳酸盐岩、上奥陶统泥岩及泥盆系、志留系碎屑岩垂向叠置, 地层相干性差异明显, 在岩性变化的界面易于发生破碎形成分支断层, 因此走滑断裂在剖面上表现为“ 三花六带” 结构特征（见图5b）。在中下寒武统内主要由底根带及底花带组成了走滑断裂的“ 底带” , 奥陶系碳酸盐岩地层内则由中花带及中根带组成“ 中带” , 而上奥陶统泥岩及泥盆系、志留系内则由顶根带及顶花带组成了“ 顶带” 。由分支断裂与主断裂共同组成的3个“ 花带” 控制了破碎带的分布, 特别是在碳酸盐岩地层内, 底花带和中花带均形成一定规模的破碎带, 带内缝洞和裂缝发育（见图5a）。

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	图5 走滑型断裂破碎带结构模型

走滑断裂破碎带在平面上可以划分为4个带（见图5c）, 分别为“ 线性带” 、“ 斜列带” 、“ 羽状带” 及“ 马尾带” , 其中线性带分支断裂不发育, 构造变形主要集中于主断裂带, 剖面上可见主干断裂向下切入寒武系, 向上切穿碳酸盐岩顶面, 因此该带内断裂周缘地层破碎程度较低、储集层规模较小。斜列带内发育较大规模分支断裂, 构造应力分别集中于主断层及分支断裂之上, 剖面上分支断裂与主断裂相距较远, 且交于深部, 平面上分支断层与主干断层大角度相交。破碎带仍然表现为围绕着断层面分布的特征, 随着分支断层与主断层距离增大, 两条断层间的破碎带规模也逐渐减少。羽状带分支断层数量多、规模小且围绕着主断层分布, 该区域应力呈大面积释放状态, 可形成大面积裂缝带, 储集层连通性最好。马尾带主要发育在断层末端, 分支断层向主断层一侧散开, 平面上形成马尾状构造样式（见图5c）, 该带内储集层围绕着分支断层发育, 集中在断层撒开的一侧。

3.2 冲断型破碎带

冲断型破碎带是在挤压应力作用下形成的逆冲断裂及相关破碎带, 主要由逆冲断裂及其上、下盘褶皱共同组成（见图6）。根据逆冲断裂与褶皱的关系可以划分为3大类, 分别为断背斜型、背斜型及斜坡型。断背斜型破碎带主要发育于逆冲断裂上盘及背斜构造内, 根据断裂样式可以分为双断式及单断式。双断式逆冲断裂主要表现为两条对倾逆冲断裂, 因此断裂破碎带剖面上呈“ V” 型分布, 主要集中在断层带附近。单断式逆冲断裂破碎带虽然沿断面分布, 但是破碎带不完全平行断层, 既可以发育于断层上盘, 也可见于断层下盘。背斜型破碎带主要发育于背斜构造内, 由于断裂不发育, 构造应力主要在背斜核部及翼部地层产状变化部位释放, 因此产生了核部型和翼部型两种亚类。斜坡型破碎带则与坡折带的发育和地层翘倾相关, 塔中Ⅰ 号带是典型的构造坡折带, 陡坡型破碎带地层倾角变化强烈, 因此破碎带表现为横向宽度小而垂向深度大的特点, 特别是坡折带的高部位为碳酸盐沉积的优势相带, 更易暴露溶蚀形成缝洞体。缓坡型破碎带则主要表现为地层的起伏, 受构造背景、古水流侵蚀等多种作用影响, 可以形成大面积的破碎带, 发育多层“ 串珠” 地震反射。

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	图6 冲断型断裂破碎带及叠合型断裂破碎带分类图（地震剖面位置图见图1a的a— f）

从定义上讲, 背斜型与斜坡型破碎带不属于断裂破碎带的范畴, 两者是地层发生挠曲变形后, 因局部应力集中而破碎, 但从断裂破碎带演化来看, 两者的形成又属于断裂破碎带的早期产物, 因此本文将两者划入了冲断型破碎带中, 并与断背斜型断裂破碎带加以区分。

3.3 叠合型断裂破碎带

叠合型破碎带的本质是走滑型破碎带与冲断型破碎带的叠加, 因此根据走滑断裂与逆冲断裂的关系可以划分为交叉型, 围绕型和透入型3类（见图6）。

交叉型破碎带形成于走滑断裂活动强于逆冲断裂并将逆冲断裂切穿的构造部位。走滑断裂在与冲断褶皱交切部位形成大量分支断层, 破碎带沿走滑断裂走向分布, 与褶皱破碎带形成近十字状分布的交叉型破碎带。该类型破碎带具有分布范围较大、裂缝发育相对集中、裂缝带走向复杂等特征, 对碳酸盐岩储集层改造较强, 塔中ZG25井东南部、TZ11井区及ZG41井区西部破碎带均属于交叉型破碎带（见图4a）。

围绕型破碎带则形成于逆冲断层上盘褶皱沿走向逐渐消失的构造部位。受褶皱影响, 走滑断裂的分支断层围绕着褶皱分布, 向褶皱方向撒开, 呈现出不对称分布特征, 断裂破碎带也呈现出围绕褶皱发育特征。在褶皱的末端仍然表现出较密集裂缝带发育特征。ZG15井东部、ZG12井西北部、ZG6井西南部均表现出该类型破碎带发育特征（见图4a）。

透入型破碎带则表现为逆冲断裂活动强于走滑断裂活动, 走滑断裂未能将逆冲断裂切穿而中止于逆冲断裂上盘褶皱的后翼（或前翼）。受褶皱的阻挡作用, 走滑断裂在褶皱前活动终止, 分支断层分布范围较小, 对褶皱内部的裂缝带发育影响有限。破碎带内裂缝主要围绕着主断裂及分支断裂分布, 破碎带的分布范围要明显弱于交叉型和围绕型。该类型破碎带主要分布于塔中古隆起东部ZG41井区南部、TZ16井区南部及TZ5井区南部等（见图4a）。

4 塔中古隆起断裂破碎带对油气的控制作用

4.1 断裂破碎带对储集层的控制作用

对于超深碳酸盐岩地层, 特别是致密灰岩地层, 断裂形成的相关破碎带可以有效改善储集层性能^{[27, 28]}, 主要表现为沿断层分布的裂缝带和缝洞体。塔中西部ZG15— ZG25井区裂缝地震属性预测图揭示了断裂破碎带分布特征与主干断裂的关系（见图7）, 其中走滑断裂破碎带样式表现为线性带（ZG27井区、ZG25井区）、斜列带（ZG162井区、ZG171井区）、羽状带（ZG151井区、ZG262井区）及马尾带（TZ45井区）（见图7）。冲断型断裂破碎带则表现为断背斜型（TZ63井区, ZG163井区）、背斜型（ZG262井区东南部）、斜坡型（TZ88井区）等, 叠合型破碎带主要位于TZ86井区、ZG15井区及ZG24井区。

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	图7 塔中西部碳酸盐岩顶面裂缝地震属性及典型岩心图（O₃l— 上奥陶统良里塔格组）

不同类型破碎带岩心裂缝发育特征与地表露头观察的破碎带发育特征具有一定相似性。ZG19井与ZG29井均远离主断裂带, 位于破碎带不发育区, 岩心较为致密, 破碎程度低, 未见大规模裂缝发育, 储集层物性较差。ZG151井位于走滑断裂带羽状断裂发育区, 岩心上可以观察到高角度裂缝发育, 同时沿裂缝带形成的溶蚀孔又进一步改善了储集层物性。ZG171井位于走滑断裂带斜列破碎带发育区, 裂缝同样表现为较高角度, 同时伴生多条次级裂缝, 沿裂缝同样可见溶蚀现象。冲断型破碎带岩心裂缝整体表现为中低角度, 同时受挤压应力影响, 岩心多沿层理面裂开, 形成多条近水平低角度裂缝。TZ88井岩心位于斜坡型破碎带内, 沿层理面的低角度裂缝较发育, 而垂直层理面的裂缝不发育, 虽然也存在局部溶蚀现象, 但是溶蚀规模较小。TZ63井岩心可见一条中低角度裂缝, 受沉积作用影响, 生物碎屑和泥砾较发育, 因此裂缝面曲折不平, 裂缝规模较小。叠合型破碎带兼有走滑和挤压两种应力场的作用, 因此TZ86井岩心较破碎, 裂缝呈现出高低角度混杂的现象, 表现出网状缝特征, 裂缝张开程度大、溶蚀作用强, 对储集层物性的改善作用明显。

4.2 断裂破碎带对油气成藏的控制作用

钻井揭示塔中西部多发育凝析气藏, 通过油气地球化学指标分析发现（见表1）, 油气运移主要表现为沿断裂带走向运移和向断层带两侧运移两种方式。沿ZG16-H1井— ZG162井— TZ86井方向, 天然气干燥系数逐渐增大, 原油密度逐渐减小, 原油日产量也逐渐减少, 这表明油气沿走滑断裂及破碎带向北运移。沿ZG162井— ZG16井方向, 天然气干燥系数增大, 原油密度降低, 油气日产量降低, 这表明油气发生侧向运移。虽然ZG15井与TZ63井位于不同类型的断裂带内, 但是两井的原油密度、天然气干燥系数及单井日产量均相似, 表明两者距油源断裂位置相近。ZG17井与TZ86井气油比明显高于其他井, 表明了沿Ⅰ 号坡折带天然气充注量较大, 可能与塔中北坡油气活动相关。

表1 塔中古隆起西部单井油气产量及地球化学指标

塔中古隆起单井日产量表明（见表1）, 断裂破碎带样式是控制该区域高产井分布的重要因素之一。其中走滑型断裂破碎带中羽状带容易高产, 主要原因有3点：①羽状带围绕着深大断层分布, 邻近油气运移的主要通道; ②羽状带数量多、规模小、应力相对集中, 虽然羽状带内裂缝延伸长度不如斜列带, 但是该带内裂缝连通性好, 可以形成呈带状分布的裂缝网络; ③羽状带内分支断层平面延伸距离短、垂向切割层位较浅, 油气运聚成藏后不易散失, 利于油气保存。冲断型破碎带中断背斜型破碎带利于油气聚集, 主要原因有以下3方面：①断背斜型破碎带受控于大规模基底卷入或盖层滑脱逆冲断层, 有效沟通了奥陶系储集层与寒武系油源; ②断背斜型破碎带形成了构造高部位, 是优势的油气运聚区, 油气高效聚集; ③冲断作用主要活动期为晚加里东期, 志留纪之后活动微弱, 利于油气的保存。叠合型破碎带兼具走滑断层与逆冲断层两种破碎带特征, 具有储集层发育、油气高效输导优势, 其中交叉型破碎带裂缝分布面积广、连通性好, 对储集层的改造作用最强, 如果顶部盖层可以有效封挡则成藏效果较好, 反之油气垂向散溢风险较大, 在生产实践中应加以识别。

5 结论

断裂破碎带系统由断层核、分支断层与破碎带共同组成, 受断层性质、样式及分段性影响, 断层破碎带样式及规模具有明显差异。三维地震剖面揭示塔中古隆起碳酸盐岩地层内发育走滑型、冲断型及叠合型3种类型断裂破碎带, 走滑型破碎带剖面上表现为“ 三花六带” 的结构特征, 平面上可以划分为线性带、斜列带、羽状带及马尾带4种亚类; 冲断型可以划分为断背斜型、背斜型及斜坡型3个亚类; 叠合型包含交叉型、围绕型及透入型3类。单井岩心及油气地球化学资料反映出断裂破碎带内储集层发育规模受控于断裂破碎带样式, 油气具有沿主断层走向及向断层两侧运移两种方式。钻井成果证实走滑型破碎带内的羽状带、冲断型破碎带内的断背斜型及叠合型破碎带内交叉型是高产高效井部署的有利区域。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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2016

0.0

沈安江, 郑剑锋, 陈永权, 等. 塔里木盆地中下寒武统白云岩储集层特征、成因及分布[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2016, 43(3): 340-349.

SHEN

Anjiang

, ZHENG

Jianfeng

, CHEN

Yongquan

, et al. Characteristics, origin and distribution of dolomite reservoirs in Lower-Middle Cambrian, Tarim Basin, NW China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2016, 43(3): 340-349.

Based on cores, thin sections and drilling data of 18 wells and two outcrop profiles of the Lower-Middle Cambrian in the Tarim Basin, geochemical analysis of multi-parameters in micro-area (the same type of diagenetic minerals formed in different diagenetic events) and reservoir dissolution modeling were carried out to find out the types, origin and distribution of Lower-Middle Cambrian dolomite reservoirs. There develop three types of dolomite reservoirs, margin reef-shoal reservoir, platform interior mound-shoal reservoir and platform interior gypsodolomite reservoir. The rock types include algae dolomite, grain dolomite, and gypsodolomite; the pore types in them include algae framework pores in algae dolomite; intergranular pores, intra-granular dissolved pores, inter-crystalline dissolved pores in grain dolomite and gypsum-dissolved pore gypsodolomite. The primary pores in sediments of reef-shoal facies and gypsodolomite flat are the key to the development of the dolomite reservoirs, some aragonite and calcite are the material basis of dissolution in early supergene stage, and the dolomite formed in penecontemporaneous dolomitization acts as strong rock skeleton to protect the primary pores from destructive effect in burial stage. The margin reef-shoal reservoirs, large in scale and good in physical properties, are the most practical exploration targets; furthermore, the platform interior reef-shoal reservoirs in Lower Cambrian Xiaoerbulake Formation and platform interior gypsodolomite reservoir in the Middle-Lower Cambrian have higher oil and gas potential.

基于盆地钻遇中下寒武统18口井的岩心、薄片和单井资料及两条露头剖面，开展微区（指在不同成岩作用事件中形成的同类成岩矿物）地球化学分析和储集层溶蚀模拟实验，研究塔里木盆地中下寒武统白云岩储集层类型、成因和分布。塔里木盆地中下寒武统发育台缘礁滩、台内丘滩和台内膏云岩3类白云岩储集层，其中，台内膏云岩储集层又可分为潜山型和内幕型两个亚类；储集层岩石类型有藻礁（丘）白云岩、砂屑白云岩和膏云岩，藻礁（丘）白云岩储集层以藻格架（溶）孔为主，砂屑白云岩储集层以粒间、粒内（溶）孔及晶间（溶）孔为主，膏云岩储集层以石膏铸模孔及微孔隙为主。礁滩相和膏云坪沉积中的沉积原生孔是储集层发育的关键，准同生期未白云石化的灰质、膏质为早表生溶蚀孔洞的发育奠定了物质基础，准同生白云石化作用形成的白云岩构成坚固的岩石格架对孔隙起到保护作用。中下寒武统台缘礁滩储集层既有规模，储集层物性又好，是非常现实的勘探对象，而下寒武统肖尔布拉克组台内礁滩储集层和中下寒武统内幕型膏云岩储集层的潜力较好。图9参12

... 0 引言塔中古隆起是塔里木盆地重要的油气富集区之一,经过多年勘探,在其古生界碳酸盐岩地层内发现了多个油气藏^[1,2,3,4] ...

2016

0.0

杜金虎, 潘文庆. 塔里木盆地寒武系盐下白云岩油气成藏条件与勘探方向[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2016, 43(3): 327-339.

Jinhu

, PAN

Wenqing

. Accumulation conditions and play targets of oil and gas in the Cambrian subsalt dolomite, Tarim Basin, NW China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2016, 43(3): 327-339.

... 0 引言塔中古隆起是塔里木盆地重要的油气富集区之一,经过多年勘探,在其古生界碳酸盐岩地层内发现了多个油气藏^[1,2,3,4] ...

2011

0.0

王招明, 于红枫, 吉云刚, 等. 塔中地区海相碳酸盐岩特大型油气田发现的关键技术[J]. 新疆石油地质, 2011, 32(3): 218-223.

WANG

Zhaoming

, YU

Hongfeng

, JI

Yungang

, et al. Key technologies for discovery of giant marine carbonate oil-gas fields in Tazhong Area, Tarim Basin[J]. Xinjiang Petroleum Geology, 2011, 32(3): 218-223.

摘　要：塔中隆起海相碳酸盐岩成藏地质异常复杂,地面条件极其艰苦,油气勘探开发面临世界级难题挑战。经过15年艰苦攻关,发展了海相碳酸盐岩油气成藏理论：古隆起及斜坡控藏控储、多成因叠合复合缝洞系统地质模型、多充注点多期次大面积复式混源成藏理论;创新了海相油气勘探开发配套技术：大漠区超深层碳酸盐岩地震采集处理、缝洞量化雕刻、烃类检测、高产稳产井部署、超深高温碳酸盐岩钻井完井工艺、缝洞型碳酸盐岩储集层大型酸压改造等配套技术。运用上述理论及技术查明了塔中隆起奥陶系碳酸盐岩十亿吨级凝析气田,已探明中国奥陶系第一个礁滩复合体大型油气田,3×108 t油气规模基本落实,100×104 t产能初步建成;发现了塔中北坡鹰山组层间岩溶大型凝析气田,7×108 t油气规模逐步明朗,400×104 t产能建设全面启动。创新成果丰富了海相油气地质理论,推动了关键技术的进步。

... 0 引言塔中古隆起是塔里木盆地重要的油气富集区之一,经过多年勘探,在其古生界碳酸盐岩地层内发现了多个油气藏^[1,2,3,4] ...

2012

0.0

韩剑发, 张海祖, 于红枫, 等. 塔中隆起海相碳酸盐岩大型凝析气田成藏特征与勘探[J]. 岩石学报, 2012, 28(3): 769-782.

HAN

Jianfa

, ZHANG

Haizu

, YU

Hongfeng

, et al. Hydrocarbon accumulation characteristic and exploration on large marine carbonate condensate field in Tazhong Uplift[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2012, 28(3): 769-782.

... 0 引言塔中古隆起是塔里木盆地重要的油气富集区之一,经过多年勘探,在其古生界碳酸盐岩地层内发现了多个油气藏^[1,2,3,4] ...

2009

0.0

丁长辉, 周红波, 路鹏程, 等. 塔中低凸起古生界构造特征及演化[J]. 大地构造与成矿学, 2009, 33(1): 148-153.

DING

Changhui

, ZHOU

Hongbo

, LU

Pengcheng

, et al. The Paleozoic structural features and its evolution of in the Tazhong Low Uplift, Xinjiang[J]. Geotectonica Et Metallogenia, 2009, 33(1): 148-153.

塔中低凸起经历了多期构造运动的叠加和改造,古生界构造特征总体以南北对冲挤压为特点,形成南北两大弧形构造体系,在弧形构造体系上发育晚奥陶世台地边缘沉积.早海西期大规模逆冲逆掩构造由于受东西向区域应力不一致的控制, 表现出一定程度的上下地质结构的变异, 并形成了呈NNE走向的走滑断裂体系,控制了研究区纵向分层、南北分带、东西分块的构造格局.中新生代构造运动导致走滑断裂表现为西晚东早,东部定型于晚海西期,西部定型于喜山期.多期次的构造作用, 使研究区发育挤压收缩构造、走滑压扭构造两大类基本构造样式.

... 目前研究认为构造演化及断裂活动对油气运聚具有重要影响^{[5,6,7,8,9,10,11]} ...

... 海西期,喜马拉雅期再次活动^[5],受区域应力场控制,古生界内发育北西向、北东向及近东西向等多组断裂,表现出逆冲断层与走滑断层交织发育的复杂构造变形特征^[6,7,8,9,10] ...

2010

0.0

苗继军, 李明和, 杜洪莲, 等. 塔中低凸起东部构造解析及勘探领域分析[J]. 天然气地球科学, 2010, 21(2): 257-262.

MIAO

Jijun

, LI

Minghe

, DU

Honglian

, et al. Structural interpretation in Eastern low bulge of central Tarim Uplift and new areas of exploration[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 2010, 21(2): 257-262.

In this paper, structural characteristics of eastern part of the central Tarim uplift controlled hydrocarbon accumulation. By data of balanced cross-section and drilled well, we recovered the integrated structural geometry model and each stage of structural deformation, and reconstructed Paleozoic structural-depositional evolution in the eastern part of central Tarim uplift. The platform edge reef flat body was formed along the brim of middle Ordovician palaeohigh in the late Ordovician Lianglitage depositional stage. Although structure feature was established at end of later Ordovician, several intensive intracontinent compaction and thrust deformation made balance section shorten 4.5m lengthen at eastern low bulge of central Tarim uplift. Under previous structural activity, petroleum accumulation in Ordovician reservoir was controlled by fault and fissure. The platform edge reef flat body in Lianglitage Formation is a profitable area of exploration. The structural recovery suggested that a larger size platform edge reef flat body would be existed under bottom wall of fault NO.1 of Tazhong as new area of exploration.

塔中低凸起是塔里木盆地重要的油气富集单元，其东部早期构造活跃，地质记录丰富，是认识塔中地区地质发育历史和油气成藏条件的窗口。利用钻井和地震资料，进行综合地质建模和构造反演，重建了塔中东部地区古生代构造沉积发育过程。研究表明在中奥陶世区域古隆起的基础上，晚奥陶世良里塔格组沉积期沿古隆起边缘发育台缘礁滩体，晚奥陶世末为构造定型期，塔中地区发生多次强烈的陆内挤压冲断变形，平衡剖面恢复得到塔中低凸起东部水平缩短量为4.5 km。受早期构造活动的影响，该区奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层的油气聚集主要受断裂和裂缝控制，良里塔格组台缘礁滩体是最有利的勘探领域，构造反演表明塔中I号断裂带下盘可能隐伏更大规模的台缘礁滩体，勘探潜力巨大。

... 目前研究认为构造演化及断裂活动对油气运聚具有重要影响^{[5,6,7,8,9,10,11]} ...

2011

0.0

任建业, 胡德胜, 阳怀忠, 等. 塔中隆起带断裂系统及其对碳酸盐岩台地的控制[J]. 中国地质, 2011, 38(4): 935-944.

REN

Jianye

, HU

Desheng

, YANG

Huaizhong

, et al. Fault system and its control of carbonate platform in Tazhong uplift area, Tarim Basin[J]. Geology in China, 2011, 38(4): 935-944.

Abstract：The construction and reformation of carbonate platform are controlled by many factors. This paper has mainly discussed?the development and destruction of the carbonate platform under the control of fault activities. There are mainly two types of fault systems developed in Tazhong area, namely the NW-trending basement-involved fault system and the NE-trending cap rock decollement fault system. The former was mainly developed during Caledonian I episode tectonic movement in Late Early Ordovician, and it controlled the tectonic framework which had been formed when the Tazhong uplift started its formation and changed the carbonate platform from the early ramp-ramp-edge type to the isolated reef type. The latter was mainly formed during Mid-Caledonian II episode tectonic movement in Late Ordovician, and its strong activity led to the tilting movement of Tazhong area and, as a result, the eastern uplift started its reformation, which seriously destroyed the carbonate platform formed earlier.

提要：碳酸盐岩台地的建造与改造受多种因素的控制，本文主要探讨以断裂活动为代表的构造运动对碳酸盐岩台地发育和破坏的控制作用。塔中地区主要发育NW向基底卷入式断裂系统和NE向盖层滑脱式逆冲断裂系统两大类，前者主要形成于早奥陶世末的中加里东I幕构造运动，该断裂控制了塔中隆起开始形成时的构造格局，从而使塔中隆起带碳酸盐岩台地由早期的缓坡-镶边缓坡型的台地结构演化为礁滩型孤立台地，而后者主要形成于晚奥陶世末中加里东II幕构造运动，该断裂的强烈活动，使得塔中地区发生东西翘倾运动，东部隆起接受改造，早期的碳酸盐岩台地遭受严重破坏。

... 目前研究认为构造演化及断裂活动对油气运聚具有重要影响^{[5,6,7,8,9,10,11]} ...

2010

0.0

李传新, 王晓丰, 李本亮. 塔里木盆地塔中低凸起古生代断裂构造样式与成因探讨[J]. 地质学报, 2010, 84(12): 1727-1734.

Chuanxin

, WANG

Xiaofeng

, LI

Benliang

. Paleozoic faulting structure styles of the Tazhong Low Uplift, Tarim Basin and its mechanism[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 2010, 84(12): 1727-1734.

... 目前研究认为构造演化及断裂活动对油气运聚具有重要影响^{[5,6,7,8,9,10,11]} ...

... 目前对断裂的研究仍主要集中在断裂样式^[8,9,10,11]、活动期次^[10]、应力分布^[18]、成岩作用^[15]及其对油气的输导作用等方面^[9,11,19],针对断裂带周缘破碎带发育规律及有效储集层分布特点研究仍然较少^[17] ...

2012

0.0

邬光辉, 杨海军, 屈泰来, 等. 塔里木盆地塔中隆起断裂系统特征及其对海相碳酸盐岩油气的控制作用[J]. 岩石学报, 2012, 28(3): 793-805.

Guanghui

, YANG

Haijun

, QU

Tailai

, et al. The fault system characteristics and its controlling roles on marine carbonate hydrocarbon in the Central uplift, Tarim Basin[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2012, 28(3): 793-805.

Based on the analysis of 3D seismic date and regional geology data, lots of NW and NWW trending compression faults and NE trending strike-slip faults, but with less extensional faults, are identified in the Central uplift of the Tarim craton, which has the main characters of diversity of styles, multiple epochs and inheritance of evolution, and segmentation along strike. Most of the compression faults are detachment thrusts slipped in Middle Cambrian salt layer but not basement involved as previous cognition, which formed in the end of Early Ordovician with 4 kinds of fault styles, and had transpression effects and segmentation along the fault belt. Many strike-slip faults are discovered in the northern slope of the Central uplift by the 3D seismic data in recent years. There were tulip flower structure, upstanding structure and positive flower structure in profiles, and en echelon structure, feathered structure, brush structure, and so on, converged to southwest in plane. NE-trending sinistral strike-slip faults were developed by the intensive three stages of oblique collision from the south Tarim plate boundary in Silurian, Middle Devonian and Late Permian. The fault system, mostly distributed in Palaeozoic, can be divided into 3 types and 3 levels and 4 groups of orientation, which controlled the structure framework and shape of the Central uplift with layering in vertical and the zoning from north to south and blocking from west to east. The fault system of the Central uplift undergone 4 stages with 9 periods' evolution; extensive extension-weak compression stage in Neoproterozoic, local weak extension period in Cambrian to Early Ordovician-powerful thrusting period in Middle-Late Ordovician, strike-slip fault developed stage in Silurian-Middle Devonian, and partly inherited faulting stage in Carboniferous-Early Triassic. It is obvious that the fault system played important roles in the hydrocarbon accumulation of Lower Palaeozoic marine carbonate in the Central uplift. It is not only the oil and gas composite accumulation in vertical, but also the favorable reservoirs and enriching hydrocarbon controlled by faults. Different type and stage faults had varied effects which caused the segmentation of hydrocarbon distribution along the fault belt. The migration-accumulation system consisted by hydrocarbon source fault and adjacent reservoir controlled the fluid orderly distribution.

结合新三维地震与区域地质资料研究,塔里木克拉通中部的塔中隆起挤压断裂与走滑断裂发育,张性断裂欠发育,断裂系统具有构造样式的多样性、形成演化的多期性、构造发育的继承性及平面展布的区段性。新资料表明挤压断裂缺少基底卷入型,多在中寒武统盐膏层滑脱,主要发育4种断裂样式,形成于早奥陶世末,多具有扭压作用与分段性。塔中隆起北斜坡新发现一系列北东向左旋走滑断裂带,剖面上以负花状构造、直立型构造、正花状构造为主,平面上发育向西南方向收敛的雁列构造、羽状构造、帚状构造等;塔中地区经历志留纪晚期、中泥盆世、晚二叠世等三期走滑断裂作用,东南方向强烈斜向挤压作用是走滑断裂形成的动力机制。塔中隆起断裂主要分布在下古生界,三类、三级、四组方向断裂控制了塔中隆起纵向分层、南北分带、东西分块的构造格局。塔中隆起经历新元古代强伸展-弱挤压的断裂发育阶段、寒武纪-奥陶纪局部弱伸展-强挤压逆冲断裂发育阶段、志留纪-中泥盆世走滑断裂发育阶段、石炭纪-早三叠世局部断裂继承性发育阶段等4阶段9期的差异发育演化史。塔中隆起断裂对下古生界海相碳酸盐岩油气分布控制作用明显,断裂控制了油气的纵向复式聚集,断裂带储层发育、油气富集;不同时期、不同类型断裂控油作用有差异性,断裂带横向上的变化造成油气分布的区段性;油气源断裂与储层组成的运聚体系内具有流体分布的有序性。

... 目前研究认为构造演化及断裂活动对油气运聚具有重要影响^{[5,6,7,8,9,10,11]} ...

... 切割至寒武系内的深大断裂不但是油气向上运移的有效通道^[9,10,11],同时断裂及裂缝的改造作用还可以有效提高低孔低渗碳酸盐岩储集层储集性能^{[12,13,14,15,16,17]} ...

2012

0.0

汤良杰, 漆立新, 邱海峻, 等. 塔里木盆地断裂构造分期差异活动及其变形机理[J]. 岩石学报, 2012, 28(8): 2569-2583.

TANG

Liangjie

, QI

Lixin

, QIU

Haijun

, et al. Poly-phase differential fault movement and hydrocarbon accumulation of the Tarim Basin, NW China[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2012, 28(8): 2569-2583.

本文的目的是探讨塔里木盆地断裂构造分期差异活动过程及其变形机理。在地震剖面解释、钻井资料和地质资料综合分析的基础上，通过编制塔里木盆地构造演化剖面以及不同时期断裂系统图，提出控制塔里木盆地断裂构造形成和演化主要构造活动期次为：加里东早期、加里东中期、加里东晚期-海西早期、海西晚期、印支期、燕山期和喜马拉雅期。

... 目前研究认为构造演化及断裂活动对油气运聚具有重要影响^{[5,6,7,8,9,10,11]} ...

2011

0.0

杨海军, 韩剑发, 李本亮, 等. 塔中低凸起东端冲断构造与寒武系内幕白云岩油气勘探[J]. 海相油气地质, 2011, 16(2): 1-8.

YANG

Haijun

, HAN

Jianfa

, LI

Benliang

, et al. Characteristics of thrust nappe in the eastern segment of Tazhong arch and oil prospecting of Cambrian dolostone reservoirs, Tarim Basin[J]. Marine Origin Petroleum Geology, 2011, 16(2): 1-8.

塔里木南缘早古生代板块构造控制了塔南一塔中从伸展到挤压的演化.寒武纪-早奥陶世板缘拉张控制了塔中北斜坡断陷构造.中奥陶世北昆仑洋盆关闭后塔中前缘隆起.晚奥陶世-晚泥盆世塔中前陆冲断与走滑构造变形.晚奥陶世-泥盆纪塔南前陆冲断由东南向西北方向传播,形成塘北-塔中南-5号断裂等弧形断裂体系和塔中低凸起中西段与Ⅰ号断裂带小角度斜交的走滑断裂体系.塔中低凸起位于前陆冲断带的前锋位置.前陆冲断的传播受控于两个滑脱层,一是沿中寒武统内部膏盐岩的滑脱层,形成弧形冲断构造,终止于塔中南缘断裂带和塔中北缘断裂带的东端:沿该滑脱层形成大量的冲断构造将中寒武统以上的勘探目的层系抬升到浅层,成为目前主要钻探的对象;二是沿中地壳韧性变形带的滑脱层,形成塔中Ⅰ号断裂带北缘东端的弧形构造带,沿该滑脱层形成的基底卷入的冲断构造,将中寒武统膏盐岩封盖层以下的成藏组合抬升到浅层,一方面成为油气长期运移聚集成藏的重要部位,同时又使得该部位成为可以钻探到的潜在勘探领域.本文根据塔中寒武系内幕白云岩的油气成藏条件,提出了油气勘探的建议.

... 目前研究认为构造演化及断裂活动对油气运聚具有重要影响^{[5,6,7,8,9,10,11]} ...

2011

0.0

陈轩, 刘银河, 林年添, 等. 塔中低凸起北斜坡奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层特征及其勘探意义[J]. 石油地球物理勘探, 2011, 46(3): 463-470.

CHEN

Xuan

, LIU

Yinhe

, LIN

Niantian

, et al. Characteristics and exploration significance of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in the North Slope of Tazhong Lower Uplift, Tarim Basin[J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting, 2011, 46(3): 463-470.

塔中地区的构造演化史大致为：中加里东旋回晚期，塔中演化为前陆盆地的前缘隆起，形成了鹰山组顶部历时约12.8Ma的风化壳，NW走向的塔中Ⅰ号断裂带及相关次级断层开始活动，并伴随右行压扭，而且具有同沉积性质，控制了良里塔格组碳酸盐岩的生长，形成了桑塔木组和良里塔格组之间的淹没不整合；晚加里东运动期—早海西运动期，NE走向的右行走滑断裂继续活动；到二叠纪时期，塔里木盆地火山活动频繁，在塔中47井以及塔中35井区形成了两个规模较大的岩株，并伴随有NW走向的岩浆侵入。伴随构造演化过程在奥陶系碳酸盐岩中形成了三种受构造影响的储层类型——与走滑断裂相关的岩溶塌陷储集体、与同沉积逆断裂相关的良里塔格组台内滩储层、与岩浆热液相关的储集体。构造活动是形成碳酸盐岩优质储层的基础，这三类储集体是不同构造活动的不同表现形式，它们在时间上继承，在空间上叠置甚至重合，相互影响，最终形成一种相对独立的碳酸盐岩岩溶缝洞系统，具有重要的勘探价值。

2011

0.0

罗春树, 杨海军, 李江海, 等. 塔中奥陶系优质储集层特征及断裂控制作用[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2011, 38(6): 716-724.

LUO

Chunshu

, YANG

Haijun

, LI

Jianghai

, et al. Characteristics of high quality Ordovician reservoirs and controlling effects of faults in the Tazhong Area, Tarim Basin[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2011, 38(6): 716-724.

The exploration during recent years in the northern slope of the Tazhong area，Tarim Basin indicates that the Ordovician strata have two sets of high quality reservoir, i.e. the Upper Ordovician reef-beach body and the Yingshan Fm. weathering crust of the Lower Ordovician, which were respectively controlled by high energy facies at platform edges and early Ordovician weathering crust in the early period and modified by faulting in the later period. Comprehensive research shows that the types and distribution rules of Ordovician reservoirs in the northern slope of the Tazhong area are related to faulting. This paper demonstrates the controlling effects of three periods of faulting on above two sets of Ordovician high quality reservoirs: (1) The Early Ordovician regional extension laid the foundation for the forming of Tazhong No.1 slope break and drove the formation of the Yingshan weathering curst karst reservoirs in Lower Ordovician and the subsequent sedimentation of Upper Ordovician reef-beach bodies; (2) The intense compressions at the end of early Ordovician promoted the development of salt related structures in the northern slope (the detachment and salt arch occurred in the Middle Cambrian gypsum), and faults modified the reservoirs of reef-beach bodies and weathering crust; (3) The Late Silurian strike-slip faulting had limited modification to the Ordovician reservoir, but controlled the location with gas cutting in Ordovician reservoirs in the Tazhong area in the Himalayan period.

塔中北坡上奥陶统礁滩体和下奥陶统鹰山组风化壳为两套优质储集层，早期分别受台地边缘高能相带和早奥陶世风化壳的控制，后期受到断裂活动的整体改造。综合研究认为，塔中北坡奥陶系储集层的类型和分布规律均与断裂活动有关。塔中奥陶系两套优质储集层受3期重要断裂运动的控制：早奥陶世末的区域拉张奠定了塔中I号坡折带形成的基础，促进了下奥陶统鹰山组风化壳岩溶储集层的形成及随后上奥陶统礁滩体的沉积；奥陶纪末的大规模挤压运动促使塔中北坡发育盐相关构造（沿中寒武统的膏盐层产生滑脱与盐拱），断裂同时改造礁滩体和风化壳储集层；志留纪末的走滑断裂活动对奥陶系储集层的改造有限，却控制着喜马拉雅期塔中奥陶系气侵的部位。图10表1参12

2014

0.0

王招明, 谢会文, 陈永权, 等. 塔里木盆地中深1井寒武系盐下白云岩原生油气藏的发现与勘探意义[J]. 中国石油勘探, 2014, 19(2): 1-13.

WANG

Zhaoming

, XIE

Huiwen

, CHEN

Yongquan

, et al. Discovery and exploration of Cambrian subsalt dolomite original hydrocarbon reservoir at Zhongshen-1 Well in Tarim Basin[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2014, 19(2): 1-13.

塔里木盆地下古生界白云岩分布范围广,厚度大,生储盖空间配置条件优越,是盆地内重要的勘探领域.自塔里木石油会战以来,下古生界白云岩领域投入了大量勘探工作,却未获得规模性发现.2010年前后,在塔中—巴楚地区稳定的储盖组合、古隆起成藏条件更好的认识基础上,转变勘探思路,锁定塔中继承性古隆起,应用三维地震评价技术,实施了中深1井;该井在寒武系盐下白云岩获得突破,揭开了寒武系白云岩勘探的新篇章.中深1井在中下寒武统发现两套油气层,一套位于中寒武统阿瓦塔格组,以低黏度、含蜡轻质原油为主;另一套位于下寒武统肖尔布拉克组,表现为干气气藏.中深1井的突破对塔里木盆地油气勘探意义重大,首次在盆地内发现内幕白云岩油气藏,证实了寒武系盐下白云岩具备规模成藏的石油地质条件,落实了一个分布面积近30×104km2的新的战略接替领域.同时,中深1井寒武系盐下油气藏的发现,表明寒武系烃源岩可能是塔里木盆地台盆区的主要烃源岩,将对该盆地台盆区的勘探有着深远的影响.

2016

0.0

张丽娟, 邬光辉, 何曙, 等. 碳酸盐岩断层破碎带构造成岩作用: 以塔中Ⅰ号断裂带为例[J]. 岩石学报, 2016, 32(3): 922-934.

ZHANG

Lijuan

, WU

Guanghui

, HE

Shu

, et al. Structural diagenesis in carbonate fault damage zone: A case study of the No. 1 fault zone in the Tarim Basin[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2016, 32(3): 922-934.

Due to the extremely complicated deformation and diagenetic process in fault damage zone of the multicycle superimposed basin, structural diagenesis of cross-disciplinary approach provides a powerful tool for the study of the mechanism and evolution, and fluid-rock interaction in fault damage zone. Based on the integrated analysis of cores, thin-section and geochemistry data, this paper presents the carbonate structural diagenesis along No.1 fault zone in the Tarim basin. It is showed that there is multi-types and multi-stages structural diagenesis in the Ordovician carbonate fault damage zone, which is obvious different from the country rocks. The fault damage zone, having characteristic of fracture zones of multi-types and high degree of opening with frequently lateral variation, is up to 2~4km wide. There is weaker compaction with varied degrees, but compaction deformation bands were identified in fault damage zone, which also occurred localized high permeability by the late fracturing and dissolution process. The stronger pressure solution resulted in low-angle and high-angle stylolites, part of them had seepage performance. There are 4~5 stages of multi-types cementation, and more of meteoric cements in early diagenesis, and with weaker cement filling in damage zones compared with country rocks. The meteoric dissolution lens in penecontemporaneous diagenesis and localized karstification, and stronger buried dissolution occurred mainly in fault damage zones, which resulted in the development of large scale fracture-cavity reservoirs and dissolution porosity-vug reservoirs in the Upper Ordovician carbonate. It is also indicated by structural diagenesis that there are 5 stages evolution in fault damage zone:fault initiation stage-forming stage-finalizing stage-resurrection stage-local opening stage, and different evolution period has distinct structural diagenesis. Therefore, the discrepancy of multi-phase structural diagenesis process plays a crucial role in the complexity of the ancient carbonate damage zone.

多旋回叠合盆地断层具有异常复杂的构造变形与成岩演变,跨学科结合的构造成岩作用研究为断层破碎带演变机制与流体-岩石作用分析提供了新思路。结合塔中Ⅰ号断裂带构造解析和地化资料分析,探讨古老碳酸盐岩断层破碎带构造成岩作用的特殊性。结果表明,塔中Ⅰ号断裂带上奥陶统台缘带碳酸盐岩断层破碎带发育多类、多期构造成岩作用,明显不同于围岩。断层破碎带宽度高达2~4km,裂缝类型多样、纵横向变化大、开启程度较高。沿断裂带压实作用较弱且有差异,发现有碳酸盐岩压实变形带发育,并有后期裂缝与溶蚀作用形成的局部高渗透带。断层破碎带观测到多期压溶低角度缝合线与高角度构造缝合线,部分具有渗透性。多达4~5期不同类型胶结作用沿裂缝带发育,大气淡水胶结较多,胶结程度相对较弱。准同生期大气淡水溶蚀与局部风化壳岩溶主要沿断层破碎带发育,而且埋藏溶蚀作用较强,发育大型缝洞体与溶蚀孔洞。构造成岩作用揭示塔中Ⅰ号断裂带东段上奥陶统碳酸盐岩断层破碎带经历断裂萌芽期-形成期-定型期-复活扩张期-局部开启期等5期演变,不同演化期构造成岩作用有明显差异。构造成岩作用的多期差异活动是造成古老碳酸盐岩断层破碎带复杂性的重要因素。

2015

0.0

胡再元, 孙东, 胡圆圆, 等. 断裂系统对碳酸盐岩储层的控制作用: 以塔里木盆地塔中Ⅲ区奥陶系为例[J]. 天然气地球科学, 2015, 26(S1): 97-108.

Zaiyuan

, SUN

Dong

, HU

Yuanyuan

, et al. The controlling effect of carbonate fault system on reservoirs: A case study in the 3rd block of Tazhong Area[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 2015, 26(S1): 97-108.

Faults in the Tazhong area of Tarim Basin were well developed,which evidently affected the reservoir development and reformation.Using new 3D seismic data,with the analysis of regional stress field of the Tarim Basin,the fault systems in the 3 rd block of Tazhong area were interpreted and depicted in detail,and their effects on the Ordovician carbonate reservoirs were studied.Four stages of fault systems developed in the 3 rd block of Tazhong area respectively are (1) the Cambrian-Early Ordovician tensile fault system;(2) the Middle-Late Ordovician thrust nappe,compressional strike-slip fault system;(3) the Silurian-Devonian northeast left step transtensional strike-slip fault system,and (4) the Permian magma pierced fault system.The faults can be divided into three types:Thrust,compressional and transtensional strike-slip faults.Grain shoal facies reservoir and fracture-cavity reservoir are two main reservoir types.With the combination of RMS attribute analysis and faults interpretation,the distribution of limestone in the bottom part of Sangtamu Formation in plane was depicted,from which the distribution of sedimentary facies of the Lianglitage Formation was obtained.Based on the RMS attribute and AFE technique,the distribution of Ordovician reservoir and fault fracture zone was obtained.The relationship of fault systems,sedimentary facies,and fault facture zone with the distribution of Ordovician reservoir shows that fault systems in the 3 rd block of Tazhong area have obvious controlling effects on the reservoir.The Middle-Late Ordovician compressional strike-slip faults control the sedimentary system and further control the development of sedimentary facies and high-energy facies zones in this area,which are developed along the compressional strike-slip faults.Multiple stages of fault systems controlled the development of fracture zone and buried karst,which most reformed the carbonate reservoirs,increasing the reservoir permeability and connectivity and becoming the favorable migration conduit of hydrothermal flow.They also improve the reservoir capacity.

(1.PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development-Northwest,Lanzhou 730020,China; 2.PetroChina Hangzhou Research Institute of Geology,Hangzhou 310023,China; 3.Research Institute of Exploration and Development,PetroChina Tarim Oilfield Company,Korla 841000,China; 4.China University of Petroleum,Beijing 102249,China)

塔里木盆地塔中Ⅲ区断裂发育，从塔里木盆地区域应力场入手，利用三维地震资料，在断裂精细刻画的基础上，探讨了塔中Ⅲ区断裂系统对奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层的控制作用。塔中Ⅲ区主要发育4期断裂，分别是寒武纪—早奥陶世拉张断裂、中晚奥陶世挤压走滑断裂、志留纪—泥盆纪北东左旋扭张走滑断裂和二叠纪岩浆刺穿导致的断裂，断裂性质有逆冲、挤压走滑以及扭张走滑3类。勘探证实塔中Ⅲ区奥陶系主要发育颗粒滩相储层与缝洞型储层。利用均方根振幅属性结合断裂体系的精细解释，从平面上刻画了桑塔木组低部颗粒灰岩的平面展布，进而得到了下伏良里塔格组沉积相带的平面展布。利用振幅属性和AFE技术分别得到了奥陶系储层与断层破碎带的平面分布。断裂系统、沉积相、断层破碎带与储层的平面展布关系表明储层的发育与断裂密切相关：中晚奥陶世挤压走滑断裂控制了上奥陶统颗粒滩相带分布，挤压走滑断裂附近是有利的颗粒滩相储层发育区。多期走滑断裂控制断裂破碎带及岩溶带的发育，对碳酸盐岩储层的改造作用最为显著。走滑断裂及其伴生的破碎带附近裂缝比较发育，增加了储层的连通性和渗透性，并成为热液流体的优势运移通道，明显改善了缝洞型储层的储集能力。

2015

0.0

韩杰, 江杰, 张敏, 等. 断裂及其裂缝发育带在塔中油气勘探中的意义[J]. 西南石油大学学报(自然科学版), 2015, 37(2): 11-20.

HAN

Jie

, JIANG

Jie

, ZHANG

Min

, et al. Significance of fault and fracture developing area in oil and gas exploration in Tazhong[J]. Journal of Southwest Petroleum University (Science & Technology Edition), 2015, 37(2): 11-20.

In view of the problems of the strong heterogeneity in the formation of Z15 well field in western Tazhong，the buried depth of the main formation of interest over 5 000 meters，the bad quality of seismic data，and minor faults to be difficult to identify，and so on，we present the discrimination method for the minor fault interpretation to be easy to implement. Namely，amplitude on top of the Cambrian salt bed，twist on top of limestone bed，paternoster in the seismic section，and facies change of seismic lineup in carbonate inside. By these methods，the faults are described accurately in plane and section. The west-east direction overriding fault developed in middle and late Caledonian and transtension strike-slip fault developed in late Caledonian and early Hercynian is the main faults system in Z15 well field and controlling the distribution of formation and reservoir. Several wells drilled through fault in this well field prove that the fault and fracture developing area are favorable for high production well. Fault and fracture developing area are good to be drilled because of its well-developed formation，well conserved hydrocarbon and weak aquifer energy in Lianglitage group. This will break new ground for researches formation and reservoir related to fault. And it will also help to discover new oil and gas concentration area.

针对塔中西部Z15 井区储层非均质性强、主要目的层埋藏较深（一般>5 000 m）、地震资料品质差、小断层识别困难且多产状较陡的难题，总结出易于操作的小断裂解释判别原则：即寒武系盐层顶面有断距、灰岩顶部有挠曲、地震剖面上断层轨迹有串珠、碳酸盐岩内幕地震同相轴有相变。相对较准确地刻画了研究区4 期断裂的平面和剖面分布特征，其中第二期近东西向中晚加里东期逆冲推覆断裂和第三期近南北向的晚加里东—早海西期扭张性走滑断裂是研究区的主要断裂，控制了研究区奥陶系储层和油气藏的分布。并通过多口井的钻探证实，断裂及其控制的裂缝发育带是高产稳产井的分布区域，其富含油气主要得益于：优质的储层发育；断裂期次早于油气成藏且封盖条件好，油气保存完整；良里塔格组水体能量弱。围绕断裂及其裂缝发育带的优质储层发育区的钻探为断裂控储控藏研究和寻找新的油气富集区域开拓了新的思路。

2011

0.0

崔军文, 唐哲民. 塔里木盆地构造格架和构造应力场分析[J]. 岩石学报, 2011, 27(1): 231-242.

CUI

Junwen

, TANG

Zhemin

. Tectonic framework of the Tarim Basin and its tectonic stress field analysis[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2011, 27(1): 231-242.

2014

0.0

张新超, 孙赞东, 赵俊省, 等. 塔中北斜坡走滑断裂断距对碳酸盐岩油气藏的影响[J]. 现代地质, 2014, 28(5): 1017-1022.

ZHANG

Xinchao

, SUN

Zand ong

, ZHAO

Junsheng

, et al. Study on the influence of strike-slip fault displacement on reservoir in northern Slope, Tazhong Area[J]. Geoscience, 2014, 28(5): 1017-1022.

Reservoir reformation and petroleum distributions in Ordovician carbonate reservoirs are affected by strike-slip faults with northeast direction in the Northern Slope of Tazhong area. Large scale strike-slip faults always show north-east strike direction. Unfortunately, the horizontal displacement is too shorter to be identified by using poor quality and low resolution seismic data. Strike-slip faults show ubiquitous pullapart areas along the strike direction, because they have been affected by the tensional stress with northwest direction. And pull-apart areas are developed along the direction of strike-slip faults mainly affected by the formation of local stresses. The width and height of these areas are easy to be identified in 3D seismic data. A method is then proposed for displacement calculation by using the width and height of the pull-apart area to replace the horizontal displacement and vertical displacement of fault. Displacement calculation results by this method show a high agreement to geology regularity of strike-slip faults development. Large displacement in strike-slip faults always means a high activity regional area, and also shows a profitability area for reservoir reformation or petroleum accumulation.

塔中北斜坡奥陶系碳酸盐岩的储层改造和油气分布，都受到走滑断裂的影响。由于区域内较大规模的走滑断裂均表现为北东向，水平断距较小，使得利用地震资料直接计算断距时存在着较大的困难。实际上，走滑断裂还普遍表现出北西向拉张特征，并沿断裂走向形成了宽度不同的拉分区域。断裂多沿北东向平直延伸，表明这些拉分区域的宽度和高度主要是受局部应力作用而形成的。这些拉分区域的宽度和高度在三维地震资料中较容易识别。根据断裂的拉分特征，提出通过计算拉分区域的宽度和高度间接识别走滑断裂的断距的方法。断距计算结果符合走滑断裂发育的地质规律，断距较大处是走滑断裂活动性较强的区域，同时也是储层改造作用强烈和油气分布较好的区域。

1986

0.0

... 国外学者在20世纪80年代就发现了断裂破碎带（fault damage zone）的存在^[20,21],Chester等通过对San Andreas大断裂的研究后将断裂带内部结构划分断层核（fault core）和破碎带（damage zone）两部分^[22],两者的区别在于断层核内部岩石在原地破碎混杂严重,先存沉积及构造特征均被破坏,因此形成低渗透的致密带 ...

1982

0.0

1993

0.0

1977

0.0

... 而破碎带则发育分支断层及裂缝,地层面及构造内部组构均得到保留^[23] ...

... 破碎带除了受断层活动影响以外,还受地层岩性、成岩作用、构造演化、地层流体等多种因素影响,具有一定复杂性^{[23,24,27, 30,33,34,35,36,37,38]} ...

1995

0.0

... 早期一系列呈斜列式排列的裂缝带经过进一步演化可形成断裂带,因此破碎带的样式与断裂带的演化相关,不同断裂带不同演化阶段可形成不同的破碎带样式^[24,25,26] ...

... Annette G M等通过野外露头观察,总结了碳酸盐岩地层小尺度正断层、走滑断层与逆断层产生的破碎带样式,将破碎带划分为与断层连接型和斜列展布型,同时指出走滑和逆冲断层形成的破碎带样式相对于正断层破碎带样式更为复杂^[24] ...

... 破碎带除了受断层活动影响以外,还受地层岩性、成岩作用、构造演化、地层流体等多种因素影响,具有一定复杂性^{[23,24,27, 30,33,34,35,36,37,38]} ...

1983

0.0

2016

0.0

吕延防, 王伟, 胡欣蕾, 等. 断层侧向封闭性定量评价方法[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2016, 43(2): 310-316.

LYU

Yanfang

, WANG

Wei

, HU

Xinlei

, et al. Quantitative evaluation method of fault lateral sealing[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2016, 43(2): 310-316.

The fault-reservoir displacement pressure differential method, as a quantitative evaluation method of fault sealing which considering diagenetic time of fault rock, was improved based on the study of fault sealing mechanism and its influencing factors. A geology and mathematical model of quantitative evaluation of fault sealing considering diagenetic time was established. First, the depth of surrounding rock which has the same shale content and diagenetic degree as the fault rocks at the target was determined using the method of successive approximation at the given step length. Second, the displacement pressure of target fault rocks was calculated based on the relationship between the displacement pressure and the product of shale content and burial depth that was established for the study area. And third, the sealing states and capacity of the faults were quantitatively evaluated by comparing the calculated displacement pressure with that of the target reservoir. By the actual data of reservoirs at Banqiao fault in Qikou sag and the result comparison between fault rock shale content method (SGR) and fault-reservoir displacement pressure differential method without considering the bearing time, it is verified that this method is more feasible and credible.

基于断层封闭性机理及其影响因素研究，在考虑断层承压时间的情况下对断层封闭性定量评价的断-储排替压力差法进行改进，建立了考虑时间因素的断层封闭性定量评价地质与数学模型。采用给定步长、逐渐逼近的算法，确定围岩地层岩石具有与靶点断层岩相同泥质含量和成岩程度的埋深，再根据研究区所建立的岩石泥质含量和埋藏深度乘积与排替压力的关系，定量计算出靶点断层岩的排替压力，用目的盘储集层排替压力与之比较，定量评价断层的封闭与否及封闭能力的大小。通过歧口凹陷板桥断层圈闭油气藏的实际资料的验证，以及与断层岩的泥质含量（SGR）法和未考虑承压时间的断-储排替压力差评价断层封闭性方法的比较，证实该方法具有更好的可行性和更高的可信度。图5表1参18

... 总体而言破碎带的宽度与断层的位移成正相关关系,即断层的位移越大,破碎带的宽度亦越大^{[26,39,40,41]},Johri等应用地震资料及成像测井资料对井下裂缝及断裂发育特征进行研究,为地下断裂破碎带研究提供了定量预测方法^[42] ...

2006

0.0

... 前人基于裂缝的成因,将破碎带分为冲断型^[27,28,29]、走滑型^[30]、侵入型^[31]、伸展型^[32]等多种类型 ...

... 破碎带除了受断层活动影响以外,还受地层岩性、成岩作用、构造演化、地层流体等多种因素影响,具有一定复杂性^{[23,24,27, 30,33,34,35,36,37,38]} ...

... 1 断裂破碎带对储集层的控制作用对于超深碳酸盐岩地层,特别是致密灰岩地层,断裂形成的相关破碎带可以有效改善储集层性能^[27,28],主要表现为沿断层分布的裂缝带和缝洞体 ...

2013

0.0

... 前人基于裂缝的成因,将破碎带分为冲断型^[27,28,29]、走滑型^[30]、侵入型^[31]、伸展型^[32]等多种类型 ...

2005

0.0

... 前人基于裂缝的成因,将破碎带分为冲断型^[27,28,29]、走滑型^[30]、侵入型^[31]、伸展型^[32]等多种类型 ...

2009

0.0

... 前人基于裂缝的成因,将破碎带分为冲断型^[27,28,29]、走滑型^[30]、侵入型^[31]、伸展型^[32]等多种类型 ...

... 破碎带除了受断层活动影响以外,还受地层岩性、成岩作用、构造演化、地层流体等多种因素影响,具有一定复杂性^{[23,24,27, 30,33,34,35,36,37,38]} ...

2000

0.0

... 前人基于裂缝的成因,将破碎带分为冲断型^[27,28,29]、走滑型^[30]、侵入型^[31]、伸展型^[32]等多种类型 ...

2015

0.0

... 前人基于裂缝的成因,将破碎带分为冲断型^[27,28,29]、走滑型^[30]、侵入型^[31]、伸展型^[32]等多种类型 ...

2004

0.0

... Young-Seo等则根据破碎带相对断层的位置将破碎带划分为尾端型、岩墙型和连接型^[33] ...

... 破碎带除了受断层活动影响以外,还受地层岩性、成岩作用、构造演化、地层流体等多种因素影响,具有一定复杂性^{[23,24,27, 30,33,34,35,36,37,38]} ...

2010

0.0

... 目前断裂破碎带的研究方法主要有野外露头观察^[34]、岩心观察^[35]、薄片鉴定^[36]、构造模拟实验^[37,38]等多种手段 ...

... 破碎带除了受断层活动影响以外,还受地层岩性、成岩作用、构造演化、地层流体等多种因素影响,具有一定复杂性^{[23,24,27, 30,33,34,35,36,37,38]} ...

2014

0.0

... 目前断裂破碎带的研究方法主要有野外露头观察^[34]、岩心观察^[35]、薄片鉴定^[36]、构造模拟实验^[37,38]等多种手段 ...

... 破碎带除了受断层活动影响以外,还受地层岩性、成岩作用、构造演化、地层流体等多种因素影响,具有一定复杂性^{[23,24,27, 30,33,34,35,36,37,38]} ...

2012

0.0

... 目前断裂破碎带的研究方法主要有野外露头观察^[34]、岩心观察^[35]、薄片鉴定^[36]、构造模拟实验^[37,38]等多种手段 ...

... 破碎带除了受断层活动影响以外,还受地层岩性、成岩作用、构造演化、地层流体等多种因素影响,具有一定复杂性^{[23,24,27, 30,33,34,35,36,37,38]} ...

2013

0.0

... 目前断裂破碎带的研究方法主要有野外露头观察^[34]、岩心观察^[35]、薄片鉴定^[36]、构造模拟实验^[37,38]等多种手段 ...

... 破碎带除了受断层活动影响以外,还受地层岩性、成岩作用、构造演化、地层流体等多种因素影响,具有一定复杂性^{[23,24,27, 30,33,34,35,36,37,38]} ...

2008

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... 目前断裂破碎带的研究方法主要有野外露头观察^[34]、岩心观察^[35]、薄片鉴定^[36]、构造模拟实验^[37,38]等多种手段 ...

... 破碎带除了受断层活动影响以外,还受地层岩性、成岩作用、构造演化、地层流体等多种因素影响,具有一定复杂性^{[23,24,27, 30,33,34,35,36,37,38]} ...

1990

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1993

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1996

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2014

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2011

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郑多明, 李志华, 赵宽志, 等. 塔里木油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝洞储层的定量地震描述[J]. 中国石油勘探, 2011, 16(5): 57-62, 78.

ZHENG

Duoming

, LI

Zhihua

, ZHAO

Kuanzhi

, et al. Quantitative seismic characterization of Ordovician fracture-cavity carbonate reservoirs in Tarim Oilfield[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2011, 16(5): 57-62, 78.

摘　要：综合地震数据、地下的测井和钻井资料,对塔里木盆地中—下奥陶系的碳酸盐岩缝洞系统进行三维的空间雕刻和描述。利用地震数据,提取地震几何属性,成像和描述了与岩溶储层相关的地质特征,这些特征包括了岩溶河道、溶洞、平面的圆形或椭圆形断裂特征和裂缝通道等。地震相分析可以用于确定主要岩溶特征,如溶洞和裂缝通道的空间分布及其地震几何属性的门限值;构建构造网格模型并使其与地震数据有同样的分辨率,可以有助于准确地模拟岩溶储层的地质特征;对主要岩溶地质特征（溶洞和裂缝通道）的空间连通性进行分析,可以建立缝洞连通体的空间结构模型;通过测井相分析以及通过井的地质资料、成像测井和钻井资料对其标定,可以建立井的储层类型地质模型;通过地震的约束及测井信息,利用建模技术可以描述储层内部的非均质性,如储层类型和孔隙度分布的地质模型;与缝洞连通体的空间结构相结合,可以得到缝洞连通体的储层地质模型。该研究介绍了定量地震描述方法在奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝洞储层中的应用,研究表明,对岩溶储层缝洞系统的定量地震描述,有助于进一步了解缝洞储层的地质成因及其对储层的地质控制作用。

... 塔中古隆起奥陶系碳酸盐岩地层埋深超过6 000 m,其内部发育缝洞型储集层,在三维地震剖面上可以形成串珠、杂乱、丘状反射等特征^[43,44],大量的钻井资料也为超深层破碎带建模提供了基础 ...

2014

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朱仕军, 唐绪磊, 朱鹏宇, 等. 碳酸盐岩缝洞储层地震反射波特征及其与油气的关系[J]. 天然气工业, 2014, 34(4): 57-61.

ZHU

Shijun

, TANG

Xulei

, ZHU

Pengyu

, et al. Reflection characteristics of seismic waves of carbonate cave reservoirs and their significance to the oil and gas discovery[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2014, 34(4): 57-61.

Due to the complex diagenesis of carbonate rocks and the longterm evolution of reservoir space, the carbonate cave reservoirs dominated by caves and fractures are of great heterogeneous laterally, which lowers the oil and gas exploration success ratio. Therefore, it is quite necessary to have a better understanding of seismic reflection curve characteristics of carbonate cave reservoirs thus to significantly mitigate the exploration risk. In view of this, elastic wave equations were applied to simulate the seismic reflection waves of different carbonate cave reservoir models. The relationship between the maximum peak amplitude and karst cave size on the forward migration section was also summarized and the related analysis was made of the seismic waveforms. The following findings were made. First, with the enlarging width of caves, the corresponding amplitude is increasing; however, when being larger than the Fresnel zone radius, the cave width has no effect on the amplitude. Second, on the section profile, caves are presented in beadedlike or lamp chops shapes; with the fixed width and height of caves, the larger the superficial area of caves, the higher the amplitude. In conclusion, the maximum peak amplitude of seismic curves contributes a lot to the identification of caves. The successful practice in the TH oil and gas field， northern Tarim Basin, validates that this method is reliable and provides a robust technical support for the discovery of those similar hydrocarbon reservoirs.

碳酸盐岩复杂的成岩作用和储集空间的演化史，导致了其特有的、以缝洞体为主的储集空间在横向上有着较强的非均质性，使得钻探成功率降低,提高对碳酸盐岩缝洞体反射特征的认识,则可大大降低勘探风险。为此，采用弹性波动方程模拟了不同形态碳酸盐岩溶洞储层模型的地震反射波特征，总结了溶洞在正演偏移剖面上最大波峰振幅与溶洞大小的关系，同时对波形做了相关分析，得到以下结论：①随着溶洞宽度的增加，溶洞对应的振幅是不断增大的；②振幅随溶洞宽度增加是有极限的，当溶洞宽度大于菲涅尔带半径时，其宽度对振幅几乎无影响；③溶洞在剖面上的一般表现特征为“串珠”状或“羊排”状，在宽度和高度固定的情况下，溶洞表面积越大，振幅越大；④最大波峰振幅曲线有助于识别溶洞。塔里木盆地ＴＨ油气藏的勘探实践证明了该方法的可靠性，也为类似油气藏的勘探提供了技术支撑。