, Volume 27 Issue 6

    

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地质勘探
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  Subtle trap reservoir prediction in Jiangjiadian area of Huimin sag

  SONG Weiqi; TONG Zhaoqi; XIN Quanlin and ZHANG Huiyuan

  , 2000, 27(6): 55-0.

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  Subtle trap reservoirs (especially those in the thin sand bodies) are the main target of progressive exploration and development of petroleum in the eastern oil fields of China. For which it is very difficult to predict their lithological traps. In the prediction of sand bodies for Jiangjiadian area of Huimin sag, integrated geology, well logging, 3-D seismic data, and well-logging constrained seismic inversion are used for identifying these bodies, in which the continuity analysis of 3-D seismic data and phase analysis are used to predict the distribution of sand bodies, and the width over height ratio of amplitude and phase, the ratio of surrounding were peak and wave trough and its average amplitude as well as wave impedance value are used to predict the thickness of sand body and the shaliness. This method is successfully used and will be spread widely.
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  Fault activity features and its control over oil of Linnan area in Huimin depression

  ZHAO Mifu; LIU Zerong; XIN Quanlin and LI Yahui

  , 2000, 27(6): 56-0.

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  The growth index of a fault is related not only to its activity rate but also to the deposition rate, especially in seriously truncated area, the growth index is serious distorted. But this situation has been neglected for a long time. Based on growth index and fault activity rate, the activity intensity of Linnan fault is studied, and it is so considered that the conclusion of latter is right. The speed of activity of a fault can be directly attained from the duration of sedimentation and reflects quantitatively the activity intensity of the fault, thus the terminology of the growth index of fault is practically meaningless. Fault activity was strong during Dongying time, and the buried depth of stratum is shallow, so fault sealing is worse, hydrocarbons migrated to Qianguantun and Qudi areas. This is important to hydrocarbon accumulation. Fault activity intensity was big during Minghuazhen time, which determined the vertical hydrocarbon distribution.
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  Characteristics of distribution and reservoir forming of the intrusive oil reservoir in Well-block Luo-151

  LIU Kuiyuan; KANG Renhua; WU Hengzhi and LIU Lianqi

  , 2000, 27(6): 57-0.

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  Well-block Luo-151 is located at the southern part of Zhanhua sag. A light oil reservoir in diabase is discovered recently in Member S3 of the Lower Tertiary in Jiyang depression, which is an intrusive oil reservoir with better exploration and development results. This diabase is laccolith type shallow intrusive rocks, it intruded along bedding planes in Member S3 hydrocarbon origin formations in the late of the deposition period of Dongying Formation and the middle of that of Guantao Formation. There are 4 subfacies: carbonaceous slate subfacies, hornfels subfacies containing cordierite and grammite, border subfacies and central subfacies. By man-computer interaction technique, data are selected from crossing-well seismic lines to construct synthetic seismic records, and 20 seismic characteristic parameters are taken to identify igneous rocks by neural network techniques to construct the structural map of their top and bottom. This diabase oil trap and porous space (primary fracture systems, intercrystalline pores and those secondary dissolution pores, caves and fissures due to arching etc.) are formed early than the period of oil generation. There are good oil sources, and the source formations are good caprocks also. Faults and microcracks in the wall-rock act as the pathways for oil and gas migration, grammite-hornfels micropore type and diabase porous-fracture type oil reservoirs are formed.
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  Determination of the forming time of diabase in the northern slope of Gaoyou sag and it's relationship with oil and gas

  MAO Fengming

  , 2000, 27(6): 58-0.

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  The northern slope of Gaoyou sag develops diabase intrusive body generally. The matching relationship among diabase invasion period, oil and gas migration time and trap forming time affects oil and gas enrichment regularity and pool-forming model directly. According to the comprehensive analysis of regional tectonic movement character and evolution, diabase invasion character and the relationship between diabase distribution and fault, it suggests that the two sets of diabase developed in northern slope of Gaoyou sag are both the products of Sanduo event. Also the author has discussed the relationship between diabase invasion and pool-forming.
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  The distribution and exploration of buried-hill-reservoir in the faulted basin, eastern China —Taking Jiyang depression as an example

  DONG Dong and CHEN Jie

  , 2000, 27(6): 59-0.

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  Buried hill reservoirs are significantly developed in the faulted basins of eastern China due to their following evolution characteristics:(1)the Base-Strata of the basins had experienced a long-term erosion before their faulting; (2)uplifts occurred during the basin's early-forming-stage; (3) reversing of the stress field took place between the compressive and the extensive; (4) the subsidence of the base-floor continued during the basin's main formation stage of Tertiary. To generalize the distribution rules of buried-hill reservoirs in faulted basins, a concept of “buried-hill-reservoir-system”was firstly suggested; then, a“five-zone-model”of a realistic faulted basin was put forward, including (1)uplift zone, (2)abrupt slope zone, (3)central depression zone, (4)base-arch zone and (5)gentle slope zone. Based on above, the specific “buried-hill-reservoir-system”in each zone was generalized and discussed by taking the cases of Jiyang Depression as examples. Finally, the distribution rule of buried-hill reservoirs in faulted basin was drawn out from all jobs above, that is, the most interested zone for buried hill reservoir should be the abrupt slope zone, the base-arch zone and the gentle slope zone, and then, the central depression zone and the uplift zone should be not so rich in oil relatively. So, in order to find buried-hill reservoirs more effectively, to focus the most concentration on the former three zones should be the best exploration strategy for buried-hill reservoirs in the faulted basins in eastern China.
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  Studies on the sequence stratigraphy of Kongdian Formation in Dongying-Huimin sag, Jiyang depression and its application to hydrocarbon exploration

  XU Weiping and TIAN Haiqin

  , 2000, 27(6): 60-0.

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  Kongdian Formation in Dongying-Huimin sag of Jiyang depression, which is deeply buried, has been less explored. Based on the studies of the regional geologic background, Dongying-Huimin sag in the Kongdian period was a pull-apart semi-graben with the north being a fault and the south being an overlap. The setting is beneficial to the development of source rock due to the abundant regional source areas, the climate being humid in early period and arid in late period, the water body being shallow as a whole while some places being beneficial to the development of the deep water area. The precise sequence stratigraphic studies on well logs manifest that Kongdian Formation developed a complete sequence (third order) which is subdivided into lowstand system tract, transgressive system tract, highstand system tract and shrinking system tract. Firstly, the results of sequence stratigraphy studies, such as the burial depth of the sequence or system tract boundaries, are projected to the well-tie seismic sections. Then the macroscopic sequence stratigraphic framework is constructed through the control function of the seismic section. The correlation error is within the tolerance of the seismic explanation. The authors suggest that the sequence stratigraphy system should be established, thus adapting to the further research of Kongdian Formation and satisfying the need of the petroleum exploration and development.
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  An analysis of the genesis of sand bodies and oil/gas reservoir forming in Member S3 of Gaoqing area.

  GUO Xusheng

  , 2000, 27(6): 61-0.

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  Gaoqing area is located at the western part of Boxing sag which is in southwest of Dongying sag, Jiyang depression. Oil and gas reservoirs are controlled mainly by the distribution of deltaic sand bodies. Directed by the sand body development study, and using seismic phase analysis and constrained inversion of well logging record techniques as main measures, an analysis of the evolution history of deposition of Member S3 in Gaoqing area reveals that sand bodies in Member S3 in Gaoqing area (including already discovered Fanjia sand body, Gaoqing sand body and Zhenglizhuang sand body) is the evolutional results of Gaoqing delta (material sources come from Qingcheng area, and some places more far to the northwest) with fairly low matured materials. Distribution characteristics as well as petrophysical properties of the reservoir formation are described. It points out that up-dip pitchout structural-lithological reservoirs are the main reservoir type in Lower S3 submember; delta front slump turbidite stratigraphic reservoirs are the main oil reservoir type in Middle S3 submember; and delta front structural-lithological oil reservoir is the main reservoir type in Upper S3 submember. The next important point in the exploration of Gaoqing area is to make the distribution of lithological traps as well structural-lithological traps more clear, and the sealing property of the fault systems should be considered simultaneously.
油田开发
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  A study on the relationship between the diagenesis and porosity of reservoir in the 4th sandstone zone of Member S3 of Block 3 in Bonan oil field

  WANG Zhigang

  , 2000, 27(6): 62-0.

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  Bonan oil field is located in Bonan sag of Jiyang depression and is a deep and low permeability oil reservoir with the largest OOIP in Shengli oil province. The main productive horizon is the turbidite sandstone in Zone 4 of Member S3 with a burial depth of 3200-3400m. Taking this zone as an example, the reworking action of genesis on the porosity and permeability of the sandstone formation is analyzed. Compaction, cementation and replacement lowered the porosity. Among these, physical compaction occurred mainly at a depth above 2500m. Dissolution gave secondary porosity and increased porosity, and it occurred mainly in feldspathic grains and carbonate cementation. Diagenetic argillaceous minerals gave unfavorable action on the porosity and permeability of reservoir beds. Fully understanding the effect of diagenesis on the evolution of porosity and permeability of the reservoir formation in order to know the porosity and permeability of these formation will have great significance to development plan adjustment and recovery efficiency increasing.
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  The study on the relationship between pore structure and displacement efficiency

  CAI Zhong

  , 2000, 27(6): 63-0.

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  As case study in Linnan oil field, the relationship between pore structure and displacement efficiency is revealed. The main oil-bearing series is in Shahejie Formation, which belongs to delta sedimentary facies. Generally, reservoirs in delta front have relatively homogeneous pore structure and displacement efficiency is coincident with pertrophysics. Reservoirs in delta plain have not homogeneous pore structure and displacement efficiency is not coincident with pertrophysics, while they are in negative correlation with each other. So the main factor that controls displacement efficiency is the pore structure heterogeneity. If the pore structure is homogeneous and pertrophysics is high, the displacement efficiency is great. If the heterogeneity of pore structure is strong, the displacement efficiency is less, even if the permeability is great. In this paper, above result is stated by the geological characteristics and a theoretical derivation of percolation flow through porous media.
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  A pore structure model and remaining oil distribution study for Linnan oil field

  LIU Zhongyun

  , 2000, 27(6): 64-0.

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  With the guidance of the theories of sedimentology, stratigraphy and structure geology, a geological model of Linnan oil reservoir is established. Based on results of petrologic analysis of the reservoir, combined with its sensitivity analysis, a micro rock model of deltaic reservoir in Shahejie Formation of Linnan oil field, which is affecting pore structure, is set up. By using advanced experimental techniques such as SEM, quantitative image analysis as well as image morphology, a model of pore structure of deltaic reservoir is established, and a comprehensive classification of the pore structure is made. It reveals the distributional model and controlling factors in the distribution models of pores, pore throats and pore structures. From above-mentioned studies, it is concluded that (1)Different remaining oil distributions appear in various types of reservoir microscopically. In delta front subfacies, remaining oil appears in the form of isolated islands and/or a series of oil droplets. In that deltaic plain subfacies, it appears mainly as cluster massive oil, oil films and oil droplets etc. Remaining oil forms mainly by two mechanics: by-passing of displacement water due to fingering and break-up due to non-piston like displacement.(2)Displacement efficiency is affected mainly by the heterogeneity of the pore structure and correlates with the petrophysical properties incompletely. (3)The form and distribution of remaining oil is mainly controlled by pore structure microscopically and by sedimentary microfacies macroscopically. Different microfacies zone has different distribution characteristics. Different measures to tap the potential should be taken according to different distribution characteristics of the remaining oil. Significant results have been obtained by ideas outlined in this paper.
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  The application of fine formation correlation to reservoir productivity improvement in oil field.

  WANG Guangfu; ZHAN Chunguang; LIU Xiantai and ZHU Yujie

  , 2000, 27(6): 65-0.

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  Gasikule oil field is located in Mangya depression of Qaidam basin, and N1-N21 oil reservoirs exist in lower Youshashan Formation of Pliocene and Upper Ganchaigou Formation of Miocene whose oil-bearing intervals reach up to 1200 meters. The study area is characterized by different sedimentary facies, fewer correlation marker beds, two crossing reverse faults, long drilling and completion span, great changes of bushing elevations and heights above sea level, which results in the current different oil-water contacts determination in the same oil sand body and complicated strata correlation, and the oil sand body distribution and structural relief still remain unclear. This paper combines fine strata correlation with 3D geological model to comprehensively study the N1-N21 reservoirs to further determine faulting system, structural shapes, oil sand body distribution and oil reservoir type and its controlling factors. All the above mentioned provided a reliable reservoir model for program adjustment, and predicting favorable oil-bearing blocks. As a result oil-bearing area of 1.0 square kilometers was increased and oil in place of 110×104t was proved.
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  A special lenticular “oil in water” lithologic reservoir

  XING Zhengyan; TAO Guoxiu and XU Jian

  , 2000, 27(6): 66-0.

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  A lenticular oil-in-water reservoir is a type of reservoir that occurs commonly in a strong heterogeneous area. The main reasons for this are that the lithology changes in the process of deposition and that the petrophysical properties vary after diagenesis. During the process of petroleum migration, the water exists in the large pore throat and good permeable biogenic limestone is easily displaced due to capillary forces, thus, oil-bed is formed; while, water-bed is formed in the small pore throat and low permeable biogenic limestone for water is difficult to displace. As for this type of reservoir, oil-bed or water-bed is determined by the combination of fine stratigraphic correlation, coring data, geological logging data, oil test, pilot production, and electric log data. In order to develop the difficult producing reserves, interval of big thickness and good petrophysical properties should be taken into consideration preferably in the process of perforation, but the interval of poor petrophysical properties should be avoided.
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  An analysis of sedimentary microfacies and production response for the lower part of the second shahejie sub-member in Block Wen-79 in the south of Wenliu oil field

  HOU Jiagen

  , 2000, 27(6): 67-0.

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  Sedimentary time units are correlated by using sedimentary cycle, isopach, isometry and multi-well closed methods in this paper. After analyzing sedimentary microfacies and sandbody distribution, it is suggested that subaqueous distributary channel of subaqueous delta plain is the framework of the lower part of the second Shahejie sub-member. The main oil-bearing formation and its distribution are controlled by this microfacies. Reservoir petrophysical property is also controlled by sedimentary microfacies. By means of sedimentary microfacies distribution, we got a clear understanding about the reserve percentage developed and watered out law of oil field. The results show that there is no uniform reserve percentage developed in all production units, the subaqueous distributary channel with largest reserves is best water flooded, the distributary sub-channel is well water flooded, levee and crevasse splay deposits are poorly water flooded. The potential production areas are still the subaqueous channel and the subaqueous distributary sub-channel.
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  The application of random modeling technology in fine reservoir description of the west area of Gudao oil field

  SUN Guo; ZHANG Xingping and XU Shouyu

  , 2000, 27(6): 68-0.

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  The key to fine reservoir description is building up the geologic model which can be used for quantitative description and expression to the reservoir sandstone and reservoir fluid. Guantao Formation of the west area of Gudao oil field is deposit of fluvial, which is characterized by scattered-distributing sandbody with rapid-variation in lateral. There are many difficulties in setting accurate geological model. By using advanced random geological modeling technology, we set up 3D-variation function of porosity, permeability and oil saturation. By optimizing the modeling methods, we employ index simulation to set up 3D geological model of the Guantao Formation, which could reflect the heterogeneous character of the reservoir parameters more precisely. From the study results, it is concluded that (1) the key to random modeling is to derive an exact variation function. Not only the exact variation function can evaluate the heterogeneity of reservoirs directly, but its degree of accuracy affects the accuracy of modeling effort; (2) Emphasis must be placed on the geologic constrain. It is imperative to select suitable geological model on the basis of understanding geological law completely and after full check using many methods; (3) the modeling is extremely difficult due to its specific characteristics of random modeling technology and difference between geological conditions, we can only use recent successful methods and examples on specified reservoirs. It must constantly study this difficult problem and sum up experiences; and (4) only by applying the random modeling technology to exploration and development and combining with the reservoir modeling technology can its superiority fully be manifested.
综合
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  The description for gas bearing interval of Penglaizhen Formation in Luodai gas field

  MENG Xianjun; QU Shouli; WANG Yumei; SHEN Guoqiang and YU Xuefeng

  , 2000, 27(6): 69-0.

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  It is known that the multi-layered gas reservoirs exist in Penglaizhen member of Luodai gas field, after years exploration and production. In this paper, the author finds out the seismic and geological characters of Penglaizhen member, which are the strong amplitude and low frequency and low velocity,by using gas reservoir model studying and fine match of seismic data with geology data. The 3D distribution and thickness variation of main gas reservoirs are well described by adopting 3D perspective interpretation on the seismic data and well log constrained seismic inversion data. Combining geology analysis and seismic technique together, the favourable sedimentary facies zone is predicted. The sedimentary facies are meandering stream and anastomosed stream. Many research achievements and good geological result are achieved.
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  A micro-tectonic study of continental reservoirs

  WANG Shiyan; DENG Yuzhen and ZHANG Haina

  , 2000, 27(6): 70-0.

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  The reservoir of Upper Guantao, Chengdao oil field is fluvial facies sandstone of sporadic distribution and poor continuity. There is no large connective active edge and bottom water. Having been developed for 3 years, such problems as deficiency of natural energy, high saturation pressure and small difference between formation and saturation pressures etc., have been exposed upon to us. It is essential to apply waterflood pressure maintenance method to the development of Upper Guantao, Chengdao oil field. This study began from the whole structure of Chengdao oil field,finely classified the microtectonics of continental reservoirs,built up the relationship between microtectonics and oil and gas distribution and the relationship between structural amplitude of top oil sand and cumulative oil and water cuts. Through above studies, regular knowledge have been acquired and offered references for the delail reservoir description, adjustment of development plan, and the remaining oil distribution studies of other oil fields.
地质勘探
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  Hydrocarbon vertical migration and its controlling factors of Linnan slope belt in Huimin depression

  ZHANG Yong; ZHAO Mifu and SONG Weiqi

  , 2000, 27(6): 554-0.

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  The vertical distribution of oil and gas in the Linnan slope belt is characterized by (1)4 sets of major oil-bearing strata exist in Qudi horst, (2)oil-bearing horizon is only formed in the Upper S4 of the southwestern gentle slope, (3)no oil/gas show occurs in Baiqiao-Renfeng burried-hill belt and (4)oil and gas are mainly concentrated in S2 and S3 of the down throw side of Xiakou faulted belt. Based on vertical hydrocarbon distribution properties, a systematic study of the geologic factors decided oil's migration along faults was studied. These factors are regional cap rock, the intensities of fault activity, strike-slip properties, the abundant degree of oil source and abnormal formation pressure. Qudi oil field's long vertical distribution properties is the reason for abundant oil source and intense fault activity. The possibility of hydrocarbon vertical migration is very little in slope belts, so the target of exploration should centers on below formations.
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  The organic acid evolution and distribution of Eogene in Mangya depression

  XU Huaimin; LIN Yuxiang; XI Fengyun and FANG Laifu

  , 2000, 27(6): 555-0.

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  The forming and distribution of organic acid is becoming a hot topic. Through recovering the forming process of organic acid in formation, we can forecast whether secondary pores are developing. This paper makes use of the actual data of western Qaidam basin and establishes the forming and evolution model of organic acid. Guided by the model, combining with formation compaction theory, we recover the forming, evolution process and distribution of organic acid of E23 and N1 source rock and point out the potential zones where develop secondary pores as follows: Youquanzi structure, Xianshuiquan structure, Nanyishan structure and Nanwusi structure.
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  The high resolution sequence stratigraphic model of fluvial deposits in Guantao Formation of Upper Tertiary in Gudao area

  LIU Jianmin; LI Yang; GUAN Zhenliang; QIAO Mingquan and YAO Guangqing

  , 2000, 27(6): 558-0.

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  Based on the research about spatial distribution and vertical evolution of fluvial sedimentary system of Guantao Formation of Upper Tertiary, Gudao area, a high resolution sequence stratigraphy model of Guantao Formation in Gudao area was established by using the theory of high resolution sequence stratigraphy. It is pointed out that (1)the fluvial sediments in Guantao Formation of Gudao area is a complete positive cyclic succession within that the grain is fining upward, and its evolution is pulsatile, of which Guan33, 35, 42, 44, 53 and 63 sand bodies are thick and widely distributed, they are the best kind of reservoir in this area; (2)the balance between the rate of settling of the basement rock and the deposition or supplying rate of the sediment is the root causing that controls the spatial distribution of the sand body; (3)Guantao Formation is corresponding with two long-term datum plane cycles (third order)-Upper Guan and Lower Guan Members and four mid-term datum plane cycles (fourth order)-Lower (Guan7 and 8), Mid-Lower (Guan5 and 6), Mid-Upper (Guan3 and 4) and Upper (Guan1+2) parts; and (4)short-term cycle is basically corresponding with stratigraphic unit of a oil-bearing sand body, which can be used for explaining the superposition and movement of oil sand bodies.
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  Integrated research of structure and reservoir for the Member S4 penetrated by Well Boshen-4

  WU Hengzhi; QU Shouli; MENG Xianjun; CHEN Juan; SHEN Guoqiang and WANG Xiuling

  , 2000, 27(6): 559-0.

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  The Well Boshen 4 is located in the Bonan depression. Member S4 deposited very deep and got a very good oil-gas source. Because the reservoir beds are deep, the conditions of the geology are complex, and the quality of seismic data are poor, the former research on the geological structure and reservoir beds is not enough. In this paper, we adopt several types of effective technique, such as, poststack objective seismic processing, fine geological structure interpretation, well log constrained 3D seismic inversion, etc, and perform further research on the complicated geological structure and reservoir distribution of Member S4. Many research achievements and good geological effects are achieved.
油田开发
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  Characteristics of fracture systems in the 4th low permeability sandstone zone of Member S3 of Block 3,Bonan oil field

  LI Yang and CAI Juhong

  , 2000, 27(6): 562-0.

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  Fracture system is a trouble problem in the development of an oil reservoir. This requires not only very abundant data of core analysis, but also a combination of in-house of petrophysical experimental technique and mathematical geological method. Low permeability reservoir bed in the 4th sand zone of the Member S3 in the Block 3 of Bonan oil field is lithic feldspathic sandstone with turbidity genesis. Taking this as an example qualitative and quantitative characterization of the parameters of the fracture systems in a low permeability reservoir bed is demonstrated. In qualitative characterization, the fracture types and their mechanical properties as well as their genesis are carried out. In quantitative characterization, orientation of the fractures (palaeomagnetic method and micro bedding techniques are used), dip height and their length of extension (all three are obtained from the statistics from the fractures in the samples of core plugs), density of the fracture systems (apparent density description, fracture spacing index and fractal geometry techniques are used) and the opening of fractures (rock mechanical property tests with a 3-axis, high pressure tester using core samples under analogue stress restoration condition are used) are carried out. Quantitative explanation of petrophysical parameters of the fracture systems, numerical simulation of reservoir petrophysical properties and the adjustment of development programs are given by the reservoir fracture parameter study as important geological basis.
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  A study of heterogeneity and water sensitivity of conglomeratic Zheng-408 sand body in Wangzhuang oil field.

  BI Yiquan; LIU Liqin and SHEN Guohua

  , 2000, 27(6): 563-0.

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  Wangzhuang oil field is located at the west section of the northern steep slope in Dongying sag. Upper S3 submember in this oil field is a stratigraphic-lithological oil reservoir affected by edge-bottom water and its main part is conglomeratic Zheng-408 sand body. This conglomeratic sand body has the characteristics of medium-high permeability, medium-high porosity, fairly serious heterogeneity and sensitivity. The lateral strong heterogeneity is in the northern part and the vertical one is in the upper part. With the sedimentary index as a basis, combined with seismic phases and well logging phases, an analysis has recognized that conglomeratic Zheng-408 sand body is a near-origin, faster deposited, fan-delta facies conglomeratic sand bodies, with later low maturation in both composition of structure and weak diagenesis. Porosity is mainly composed of intergranular pores. Flow test and assistant test of 65 core samples from Upper S3 submember in 5 wells in the main part of this oil field show that the reservoir beds are loosely cemented and argillaceous minerals are mainly unstable illite-montmorillonite mixtures. Sensitivity damage is mainly due to medium-high water sensitivity and medium-weak acid sensitivity, and alkaline sensitivity comes to the next. Therefore, in the development of this field by water injection anti-water sensitivity measures should be stressed.
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  A Study on flow unit model and distribution of remaining oil in fluvial sandstone reservoirs of the Guantao Formation in Gudong oil field.

  DOU Zhilin

  , 2000, 27(6): 566-0.

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  By using multi-subject theory comprehensively, the author systemically studies the factors controlling flow unit and puts forward a series of methods for recognition, classification and evaluation of flow unit. Six numerical methods such as active function and intra-layer difference etc. are applied in a well to recognizing the flow unit. And also five methods such as seismic attributes analysis etc. are applied on a cross section to recognizing the flow unit. By means of classifying and evaluating flow unit quantitatively, the fluvial facies reservoirs are divided into three different kinds of flow unit, which have their own lithology, petrophysics and pore structure characters. Discriminant analysis method is used to obtain the discriminant functions of determining the types of flow unit so as to establish the judgment standards of flow unit of fluvial facies. Combining the study of flow unit with the study of remaining oil closely, the distribution laws of remaining oil in different types or in different parts of a flow unit are studied, and based on this the author reveals the relationship between flow unit and remaining oil distribution, predicts the variation of reservoir parameters in space and the remaining oil distribution of the Upper Guantao Formation in Gudong oil field, and points out the development potential in different flow units, which can guide oil field development effectively.
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  Geologic model of the Upper Guantao Formation in Chengdao oil field

  XU Yingxia; GAO Xilong; YANG Pengfei and HUANG Yongmei

  , 2000, 27(6): 567-0.

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  Upper part of Guantao Formation in Chengdao oil field is a fluvial sandstone with abundant oil and gas. The proven OOIP of this formation accounts for 89.6 % of total proven OOIP in this oil field. This formation has high productivity and relative good oil quality. Now this oil field is still producting by natural energy. By comprehensive analyses, a highly summarized conceptual geological model for this reservoir is established in this paper. It is recognized that this sandstone reservoir is of meandering river facies with positive rhythm, fine grained sediments mainly; and has the characteristics of high porosity, high permeability, high oil saturation, high oil viscosity , and strong heterogeneity. The sand bodies change rapidly, and the sandstone is very loose and will have sand up inflow easily during oil production. Integrating the result of well logging record and constrained inversion of seismic records and other well information, a static geologic model describing the distribution of reservoir sand bodies and their petrophysical properties is established and a three dimensional quantitative model of 1+2 to 6 sand zone in Upper Guantao Formation is set up by probability modelling technique.
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  Practice and knowledge on sporadic low-grade reserve development of Gudao oil field.

  BI Qiujun; SONG Shujun; ZHANG BenHua; QIAO Mingquan and LIU Jun

  , 2000, 27(6): 572-0.

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  The Member Ng1+2 of Guantao Formation in Gudao oil field is the type of fluvial abandoned channel and flood plain deposit, where the oil-bearing bed is abound and thin, the reserves is disperse, the oil reservoir is small and closed, the natural energy is weak, the productivity of single well is low, the diagenesis is unconspicuous, the shale content is high and the water-sensitive is obvious, all these result in serious sanding in exploitation and difficulties in control. Production wells in this zone exhibit the phenomena called “three lows one more”(low rate of oil production, fluid rate and fluid levels of wells and more shut-down wells) under conventional production test relying on natural energy. In order to get a higher oil recovery factor from this zone, based on researches on oil reservoir and properties of petroleum and synthetical proof, a pilot test area of waterflooding development called Zhong 30-8 was established in 1991, thereby technology from waterflooding development of Member Ng1+2 was formed. After this technology is spread, the recovery factor increases from 4.2% to 16.3%, and efficient development of sporadic, thin and serious sanding reservoir is realized.
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  The response and effecting factors of polymer flooding in Unit 1 of Central Gudao oil field.

  CAI Yanjie; ZHAO Jinliang and GUANG Yue

  , 2000, 27(6): 573-0.

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  The effect of decreasing water cut and increasing oil production is obtained by polymer flooding test in Gudao oil field. There are four kinds of response of oil wells in polymer flooding area with different water cuts of single wells. The first is a well with water cut curve of “U” type, which is producing oil from a single thin oil-bearing formation with high oil saturation, decreasing water cut by a big margin, long-term effecting and increasing high production. The second is a “U” type well which has a thick oil-bearing formation with strong heterogeneity in inner or inter-bed and decreases water cut by a small margin. The third is a “W” type well, which is located at the edge of injection area,with non-balanced injection and production, and decreases water cut by a small scale, but increases production little. The fourth is an invalid well which is disturbed by water flooding with no effect of increasing production. Factors effecting every type well are different, which are reservoir property, remaining oil saturation, relation of injection and production, and so on.
综合
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  The study and application of the seismic methods in oil and gas exploration in Upper Guantao Formation of Shenghai area

  WANG Yanguang; CHAI Zhenyi and LI Mingjuan

  , 2000, 27(6): 580-0.

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  The Shenghai area is one of the most important regions for oil and gas resource supplement of Shengli oil field. In this area, there are 7 oil-bearing formations including Minghuazhen, Guantao, Dongying, Shahejie, Mesozoic, Paleozoic and Archeozoic, among which Guantao has the most potential. However, it is quite difficult to perform the exploration because of very thin reservoir, large change of reservoir in space, a few drills etc. In this paper, the seismic-geological properties and reservoir characteristics are studied on the basis of well log analysis, geological model and seismic modeling. Some effective seismic methods are put forward , which are the post-stack multi-attribute analysis technique, the pre-stack gather analysis technique directly used for oil and gas prediction and the stack velocity application technique. Drilling proves that the techniques mentioned above are very effective, which reduces the quite high cost of drilling and the risk of exploration and production in the sea. Undoubtedly the extending application of them will play the most important role in oil and gas E & P for vast Shengli shallow sea and the areas similar to Shenghai.
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  Comprehensive log interpretation and evaluation of low resistivity reservoirs for SQ oil field

  XU Shouyu

  , 2000, 27(6): 581-0.

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  SQ oil field is characterized by thin bed and lwo resistivity,which causes many difficulties in comprehenslve log interpretation and evolntion of resarvoirs.On the basis of analyzing all the well log data and formation testing data in the area, firstly, qualitative distinction is done, then two kinds of bed that are thick and thin are carved up and petroliferous beds are seperated from water beds using Fisher's distinction method; and later on, log interpretation model is built up using technology of key well study. On the above this paper interpret and evaluate all well log data in this area. The method and technology are summarized by combining qualitative discrimination with quantitative interpretation using normalized well log data. The good geological result is yielded by using this method and technology, and the interpretation result fits with production test.
地质勘探
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  Practice and knowledge of exploration on Chengdao oil field

  ZHENG Herong; LIN Huixi and WANG Yongshi

  , 2000, 27(6): 608-0.

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  Chengdao oil field is located at the shallow sea area to the north of Dongying, Shandong, which is a giant composite oil (gas) accumulation of which there are seven sets of oil-bearing strata, more than ten types of reservoirs, and four kinds of fluid property. In view of petroleum geological feature of three sets of oil-bearing strata and high investment and risk in the exploration of Chengdao oil field, 3D seismic survey and well-logging constrained inversion technologies were used for describing fluvial channel sandstone reservoirs of Guantao Formation; stratigraphic datum principle and datum cyclic bedding correlation techniques were used for predicting the distribution of subaqueous fan-shaped reservoirs of Dongying Formation and Member S1; and synthetic acoustic log and other techniques were used for describing and predicting the lateral extent of Archaeozoic and Lower Paleozoic oil bearing reservoirs in the whole oil field. In 1984 and 1999, three ideas such as zone choosing,beds controlling and exploration expanding gradually were adopted in the exploration,and a number of methods for describing reservoir and detecting oil/gas such as multi-parameter, neural network, etc. were adopted in planning exploratory wells,therefore,the periods of exploration and development were shortened and a large economic benefit was obtained.The average proved OOIP per well amount to 560×104t.
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  Reservoir forming index for the lithological oil reservoir

  WANG Ning; CHEN Baoning and ZHAI Jianfei

  , 2000, 27(6): 609-0.

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  The formation of a lithological reservoir is the result of mutual action of reservoir forming power and reservoir forming resistance. Only if the action of the former larger than the later, a lithological oil reservoir can be formed. According to the results of analysis of reservoir forming conditions of lithological oil reservoir and statistical results of large amount of testing data in Dongying sag, the pressure corresponding to 50% of Hg-injection was taken as equivalent hydrocarbon displacement pressure to evaluate the resistance of primary migration of oil and gas into the lithological trap quantitatively. Equivalent displacement pressure obtained by the results of Hg-injection test on 1282 core samples in this sag is correlated to their porosity and permeability to derive an empirical formula. Reservoir forming index is defined as a non-dimensional parameter of the ratio of reservoir forming power over the reservoir forming resistance. The larger this index, the more favorable to the reservoir forming, conversely, the less this index, the worse to the reservoir forming. Two examples are given showing the forming of lithological oil reservoir in lenticular sand bodies in the middle of Member Es3 in Niuzhuang area of Dongying sag. Results of exploration by drilling show that equivalent displacement pressure and index for reservoir forming are effective parameters to quantitatively evaluating the forming of oil reservoir in lenticular sand bodies, and can be taken as a guidance in petroleum exploration.
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  The study of the oil and gas controlled by faults in Yong 8 Area

  KONG Fanqun and LI Yahui

  , 2000, 27(6): 626-0.

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  Block Yong 8 is an area with high exploring risk. Although the exploring has succeeded in this area since 1998, the oil and gas distribution law is not very clear. By using the theory of fault sealing property the author has studied the fault sealing properties of two group fault systems which intersect vertically each other in this area from the two respects of fault mechanics and the relationship of lithology juxtaposition. Although the two fault systems' fault sealing mechanisms are different, they have the good fault sealing properties identically. So the difference of oil and gas distribution in Block Yong 106 and the main Block Yong 8 lies on ability of the southern east-west striking fault in migrating oil. The oil migrating layer in Yong 106 fault-block's direction of downdip is offset by the fault, so the oil is poor in this fault-block. And the Yong 8 main fault-block has a smooth migrating layer in the direction of downdip so the oil is very rich is this fault-block.
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  An application to the relationship of shale smear factor and fault sealing properly of Dongying Formation, Dongxin oil field

  ZHANG Yu and LI Yahui

  , 2000, 27(6): 627-0.

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  It is importance of fault gouge sealing oil and gas. There are many indexes to study the distributing condition of fault gouge. In this article, the author studied the Dongying Formation's fault sealing properties of Dongxin oil field by using the shale smear factor (SSF), the study results show that the fault sealing degree is most high when the SSF is about 2.0; and there exists a limit value which is about 4.3; and small SSF is the essential condition of fault sealing, but is not the all conditions of that. Because SSF can not describe the all geologic courses of fault gouge forming in the process of studying, we should consider other factors affecting the distribution of fault gouge so that the effects accord with the facts.