, Volume 28 Issue 6
    

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    石油地质研究
  • JIANG Zhenglong; SUN Dejun; QING Jiangzhong; HU Guoyi and FANG Xiang
    , 2001, 28(6): 147-0.
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save
    The source rocks of the petroleum system of Lower Jurassic in the northern part of Qaidam Basin are the coal measure strata of Lower Jurassic and its reservoirs are sandstones of Lower Jurassic and Tertiary. By the basin modeling, authors conclude that most of the hydrocarbons were generated during late Oligocene. According to the fluid potential and migration pathways in the petroleum system, this system is divided into three migration and accumulation subsystems, namely, the Eboliang-Yahu, Lenghu and Mahai-Nanbaxian, respectively. The formation process of reservoirs is very different, and Oligocene and Pliocene are the key times to form the primary and secondary reservoirs.
  • LI Yuan-kui and WANG Teicheng
    , 2001, 28(6): 148-0.
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    The Shizigou structure is located in the Shizigou-Youshashan structural belt of Mangya depression of Qaidam basin. Source rocks and reservoir rocks in middle-deep bed, which is called Upper Ganchaigou-lulehe Formation are in the same bed, where, fractured reservoirs have the oil generation and accumulation in the same formation. Oil well productivity is very different. Main reservoirs are fracture-pore or pore-fracture lacustrine carbonates. The reservoir pore space can be divided into three levels: Macro fractures and vugs, obvious fractures and pores and micro fractures and pores. They are mainly formed during late Himalayan movement and neotectonic movement (Neogene-Holocene). The development level of fractures and vugs depends on lithology, tectonic stress and the forming time of dissolved pore space. The source and sealing conditions in middle-deep formation are fine. The hydrocarbon enrichment is mainly controlled by the development level of fractured reservoir, forming time of reservoir pore space and trapping and sealing conditions. Many middle-deep fractured reservoirs will be discovered in eastern Mangya depression. Further study should be done in palaeotectonic stress field in order to predict the fractures and vugs.
  • Chen Jianping; HE Zhonghua; WEI Zhibin; WANG Dongliang; QING Jiangzhong and GUO Jiangying
    , 2001, 28(6): 149-0.
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    The principal conditions of petroleum geology in Chagan sag of Yingen-Ejinaqi basin, Northwest China, have been studied from organic geochemistry angle in this paper. Chagan sag is half garben-like so that the thickness of Cretaceous source rocks, of which the primary source rocks are Bayingebi Formation and Lower Suhongtu Formation of Lower Cretaceous, greatly differs from 0 to 2400 m in the different parts of this sag. The TOC (Total organic carbon) value, the pyrolysis hydrocarbon potential, the content of chloroform extract and the total HC content range from 0.15% to 2.66%,0.07mg/g to 10.74mg/g, 0.022‰ to 3.757‰ and 0.049‰ to 2.527‰, respectively. Organic matter in abundance varies greatly, but the content of the soluble is relatively high. Organic matter, in which type Ⅱ1 of organic matter accounts for more than 50%, suggesting that it is better for hydrocarbon generating, is mainly composed of amorphous matter, degraded from herbal plants and algae, accounting for 60 % to 80 % in organic matter. The geothermal gradient in Chagan sag is relatively high, and the reflectance of vitrinite (Ro) varies from 0.8% to 2.0%, showing that the organic matter should be at the stage of oil generation to wet gas. Also, the parameters on GC and GCMS of saturated hydrocarbon indicate that source rocks have been maturated. The value of TTI shows that hydrocarbon is largely generated at late Cretaceous for the primary source rocks in Chagan sag. From the integrated analyses mentioned above, it is considered that Lower Cretaceous source rocks are favorable for petroleum generation and have a certain hydrocarbon potential.
  • LI Huijun; CHENG Weiyan; ZHANG Weicai and CHENG Hongwei
    , 2001, 28(6): 150-0.
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    According to China′s Dividing Standard for Diagenetic Stage of Clastic Rocks, diagenetic stages in Banqiao sag, determined by paleo-geothermal value, sporinite colour, TAI, Ro, clay mineral evaluation in mudstone, don't coincide well with each other. After analysis it is believed that it is the result of overpressure in Banqiao deep formation. Overpressure inhibited the development of organic and inorganic matters, and slowed down the maturation of organic matters, so diagenetic stages lagged relatively under high temperature. Finally, a new dividing standard for diagenetic stage in clastic reservoir under abnormal high temperature and pressure is established.
  • KUANG Jun; YAO Gengshun; ZU Guohua; SHOU Jiangfeng and WANG Xin
    , 2001, 28(6): 151-0.
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    The clastic reservoirs of Sangonghe Formation, Lower Jurassic in central Junggar basin mainly consist of lithic sandstone, which is characterized by “two high and one low”(higher compositional maturity, higher textual maturity and lower interstitial matter content). With increasing burial depth, sandstone progressively loses porosity. Porosity was decreased mainly due to compaction and quartz cementation, but, at the same time, cements also protected grains from further compaction. The quartz cementation is slight and dissolution is not obvious. The clastic rocks are at late diagenesis stage (A1), all these make it possible that pores types are mainly characterized by residual intergranular pores and partially by intragranular solution pores. Middle compositional maturity, higher textual maturity and lower interstitial matter content are the primary causes resulting in favorable physical properties of the reservoirs. It was also pointed out that subaqueous distributary channels, river mouth bars and beach bars, which are coarse and have lower interstitial matter content, are favorable for development of the reservoirs.
  • WANG Darui; BAI Yulei and JIA Chengcao
    , 2001, 28(6): 152-0.
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    The Carboniferous marine carbonates are well developed in the Bachu area, west part of the Tarim basin. The results of stable carbon and oxygen isotopic analysis of limestone on both outcrop and sub-surface sections show that the limestone layers with less fossil or no fossil could be chemo-stratigraphically divided and correlated. The bioclastic limestone on both sections should be a synchronous deposit that could be as a standard for the stratigraphic correlation. Still, the stable carbon and oxygen isotopic analysis of limestone shows that the western part of the Tarim basin would be a dry and hot paleo-environment, and evaporation effective was much stronger than that of compensation, however, the anoxic environment for development of better oil and gas source rocks was likely in the deeper part of the sager during the sedimentation of the Bachu Formation. The wet-hot paleo-climatic condition would be the main background when this region entered the middle-late Carboniferous, and the marine basin should be a positive balance of fresh water in situ.
  • 综合勘探开发技术
  • WANG Hongjun and ZHANG Guangya
    , 2001, 28(6): 153-0.
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    Tarim cratonic basin is a marine multiple cyclic basin with multiple oil migration and charging. The strategy of oil exploration to cratonic basin is based on the controlling degree to the oil distribution. According to the analyses of typical oil reservoirs in Tazhong, Tabei, Hadexun, Bachu, it can be concluded that oil distribution in cratonic basin is controlled by 8 hydrocarbon-supplying centers in geological period. In this basin there are three oil migration and charging models and Oil reservoirs were adjusted by two times. So the strategy of oil exploration must be built according to the oil distribution law. In different plays there are different oil-bearing layers and oil reservoir types.
  • ZHAO Liming; LANG Xiaoli; JIN Fengming and CAO Lanzhu
    , 2001, 28(6): 154-0.
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    In modern oil and gas exploration, geologists have been trying to use various seismic characters to predict oil and gas reservoirs. Especially in recent years, with the development of seismic exploration techniques, in order to find out isolated sand body, channel sandstone body, sand reef and to diagnosis oil bearing character so as to enhance success ratio in oil and gas exploration, seismic information related to stratigraphic structures, lithologic traps or reservoirs has been widely used. Waveform classification method has fully taken the advantage of abundant seismic information and carefully identified the transverse changes of seismic signals by nerve net work algorithm which is used for classifying the form of seismic traces, and then, the seismic facies map that matched to geological facies is obtained. Accordingly this waveform classification method can be used to predict the distribution area of reservoir sand body and the subtle lithologic reservoir. In this article, an application example that has made a great deal success from Dawangzhuang area in Jizhong depression is presented, in which 3 new wells such as Well Lu105 etc. have been successfully drilled.
  • 油田开发与油藏工程
  • YANG Siyu and SONG Xinming
    , 2001, 28(6): 155-0.
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    The reasonable well pattern works a very important effect in oil field development, an amount of development for low-permeability oil fields shows that the traditional inverted 9-spot well pattern and triangle well pattern are suitable for high-permeability oil fields, but limited to the low-permeability oil fields. Through a scientific nonfigurative way the factors of reservoir characterization and oilfield development design are equivalent as practical parameters in the numerical simulation. In order to eliminate influence from some uncertainly factors, homogeneous geologic model should be built, optimizing well pattern and influence factors analysis should be conducted. In addition, using the method of numerical simulation to analyze the injected water conformance and the stream line change under the condition of hydraulic fracturing, estimate the application of the well pattern and integrate all the factors for quantifying the influences of the penetration capacity, and conductivity of induced fractures, the development of natural fracture, mobility and heterogeneity to the reservoir productivity.
  • WANG Ziming and DU Zhiming
    , 2001, 28(6): 156-0.
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    The mathematical model of multiphase flow in an elastoplastic deforming oil reservoir with the variable temperature distribution is developed based on the theory of fluid-solid interaction mechanics and thermodynamics. The solid skeleton of the oil reservoir is assumed to have the characteristics of deformation and the changes of the pore pressure and the temperature distribution result in changes of effective stresses acting in the oil reservoir and in the deformation of the solid skeleton. Conversely, deformation of the solid skeleton affects the seepage of the multiphase flow. In this paper, fully coupled seepage equations and deformation equations are developed in consideration of transformation temperature. These equations are not independent and can't be solved divisionally. The solid skeleton is assumed to have an elastoplastic behavior and an elastoplastic constitutive model based on yield function is utilized. The variation of the deformation of the solid skeleton and the seepage of the multiphase derived from the change of temperature distribution is fully considered in a reservoir with violent transformation temperature such as a oil reservoir in which hot water or steam is injected. The concept “thermal load” is added in deformation equations to describe this thermodynamic process and the solving for“thermal load”is presented. The approach of coupled numerical simulation in which finite difference method and finite element method are used alternately is presented.
  • LI Fenghua; WANG Jing; QI Kai and LI Xiuluang
    , 2001, 28(6): 157-0.
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    At present, most middle-deep heavy oil reservoirs in Liaohe oil field are at middle or late stage of cycle steam stimulation(CSS), facing the challenge of the converting development methods. Steamflooding is the most effective alternative technology for enhancing oil recovery after CSS. How to improve recovery factor of reservoirs that are not suitable for convertng to steamflooding after CSS become a key issue. In order to find an effective method to develop those reservoirs, water-alternating gas (WAG) pilot test was carried out in Shu43-530 well group, Block Du66, Shuguang oil field. For almost one-year pilot test, oil production and liquid production of the pattern have been remarkable increased, and liquid level of producers has been also increased. At the same time, reservoir pressure has been built up. The result of the pilot is better. Generally, WAG technology is a type of available method for heavy oil reservoirs that are not suitable for converting to steamflooding after CSS.
  • HE Wen-xiang; WANG Peirong; LIU Yi and LI Caixue
    , 2001, 28(6): 158-0.
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    It is found that, at different single layers, oils own different gas chromatographic fingerprints characters, which leads to the rapid development of the gas chromatographic fingerprinting analyzing technology for commingled oils. Traditional fingerprinting technique needs a great deal of proportioning experimentations, for it takes fingerprinting ratios as parameters. The authors apply a quantitative method using fingerprintings′ absolute concentrations as parameters, which is laborsaving and improves the analysis precision. The approach is as following:First, number the fingerprintings of the single layer oils and commingled well oils, then, calculate the absolute concentrations of the fingerprintings in the single layer oils and in mixed oils made of single layer oils and finally, based on the proportioning ration and corresponding absolute concentrations of the fingerprintings, build up the polar coordinates plate. As a practice to Houshi section of Changqing oil field, the plate is established, validated and used to analyze three oil wells in this section. The obtained result is extremely similar with that calculated by traditional fingerprinting technique. It is analyzed why this technique couldn't be popularized in oil field, and some advices are given.
  • 油层保护与改造
  • WANG Fuhua; QIU Zhengshon; FONG Jinhai and CHENG Yonghao
    , 2001, 28(6): 159-0.
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    Effective selecting of small cylindrical core representing reservoir characters is a prerequisite to research the mechanism of formation damage through core flow tests. It is difficult to get definite shaping core out of unconsolidated sandstone reservoir by conventional techniques, which makes the research for reservoir protection more difficult. A new device was developed to prepare laboratory cores of different values of porosity and permeability with field loose oil sandstone. Without the impacts of consolidating agent and sintering process on the oil sandstone, the prepared core can have nearly the same lithological characters and physical properties as the unconsolidated sandstone in reservoirs and thus be used in core flow tests evading the changes of lithology and wettability. The experiment results obtained from the flow tests of cores prepared with loose oil sandstone of G104-5 tract and do tally with the earlier research results, shows that the newly developed core-preparing device is applicable for preparing laboratory cores in the evaluation tests of research for mechanism of formation damage. So the method presented here is simple, effective and economical, which will have considerable good effect on the evaluation about reservoir protection of unconsolidated sandstone.
  • 油藏物理
  • YAN Qituan; GUO Hekun and LIU Shuming
    , 2001, 28(6): 160-0.
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    Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) as a new tool has been used in oil and gas research fields. The main advantage of ESEM is to operate under reduced pressure and to allow the observation of liquid-containing samples in microdynamic process. Samples used are highly oil-wet sample (original reservoir sands), lightly oil wet sample (reservoir sands treated by molecule deposition), and highly water wet sample (reservoir sands cleaned by solvents). Water condensation rates and contact angles on samples surface are different. The results indicate that the ESEM test method is effective for studying wettability of samples.
  • 讨论
  • YAN Dongyu; ZHANG Tongxing; HUANG Guoping; FAN Yulin; SU Maosheng and LIN Li
    , 2001, 28(6): 161-0.
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    From the analysis results of seismic reflection characters of seismic lines of L1238, L1476 and L1585 in Wenliu block of Dongpu sag and combined with the drilling data of S3 salt rocks from Wells Wen19, Wen69, Wen64 and Wen218, it can be clearly seen that there really exist salt domes in Dongpu sag. The origin of the salt domes is that due to the action of the buoyancy created by the reverse of the gravity flow, which caused the S3 salt rocks developed in the deep parts of western and eastern Dongpu sag, moving upward along the fault planes of the Wenxi and Wendong faults and to the differential compaction, which promoted the salt rocks arching upward and piercing the overburden to form salt domes. At present, oil and gas reservoirs are found above, below and beside the salt domes. The authors consider that the salt rocks of S32 drilled by Well Wen218, the sandstone and mudstone of S33 and in the right salt of S34, the tight Mesozoic and Paleozoic Groups, and the Wenxi fault form together a favorable oil and gas trap belt, and there may be many undiscovered oil/gas traps related to salt domes in Wenliu region, indicating a positive exploration potential.
  • 海外油气勘探开发
  • FENG Jianhui; ZHANG Yaming and WANG Jingyun
    , 2001, 28(6): 162-0.
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    A series of strike-slip faulted basin, like the M basin in Sudan were formed along the southern flank of the eastern end of the Central Africa right strike-slip fault. FL sag, located in the northeastern margin of M basin, is typical transtensional sag. Its basement is the Pre-Cambrian metamorphic rock and its cap rock is of Cretaceous. The dark mudstone in the lower part of Abu Gabra Fm. of Lower Cretaceous is the main source rocks; and the sandstones of Abu Gabra and Bentiu Fms. as well as the sandstone interbeded with the shale of Aradeiba Fm. compose the good reservoirs with high porosity and middle permeability. The intra-sag dark mudstone of Aradeiba Fm. is the regional cap rock with good feeling capacity. The stratified fault block reservoirs with hydrocarbon generation and accumulation in the same formation were developed in Abu Gabra Fm. The massive reservoirs with hydrocarbon generation in lower strata and accumulation and preservation in upper ones, and basement rock buried-hill reservoirs with hydrocarbon generation in new strata and accumulation in old ones were developed in the Bentiu and Aradeiba Fms. The central structure zone of the FL sag is the main directional region of oil and gas migration, where the vertical migration along the faults alternated with the lateral migration crossing the fault plane, and oil and gas accumulated and enriched in the structural traps overlaid by sand bodies of Abu Gabra Fm. Thanks to the strike-slip faults are dominated by trans-current ones, with vertical fault throw being mostly less than the thickness of the regional cap rocks, so these faults did not generally destroy the effectiveness of the regional cap rocks. Drilling at the high of the structural traps is the effective way to discover the high production rate and enriched faulted block reservoirs. The central structural belt of the FL sag is a main hydrocarbon accumulation area and the key play for exploration. Its southern and northern fault terraces are favorable areas for hydrocarbon accumulation, and the western slope belt is the favorable target for prospecting the buried hill reservoirs with hydrocarbon generated in the newer formation but presented in the old formation.
  • 油田开发与油藏工程
  • ZHAO Juying; YANG Jie; ZHANG Yu; Hu Jufang and WANG Wei
    , 2001, 28(6): 458-0.
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    This paper introduces a new series of Oil Fluoroanalyser (OFA) controlled by computer. It can not only test various kinds of crude oil, reflecting their 2-D fluorescence spectrum, but also quantify exactly and eliminate various fluorescent interference coming from drilling mud additives. Their sensitivity of measuring oil is 0.1mg/L, repeatable accuracy is more than 97% and R2 is more than 0.99 when oil content in solution is less than 40mg/L. Here is cited a large number of fluorescence data and spectra getting from the labs and the drilling fields where the OFA was used, compared them with the data obtained by the other methods and instruments, and enumerated its advantages.
  • ZHAO Qingfei
    , 2001, 28(6): 459-0.
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    Reserve-production ratio (RPR) is an important index of oil and gas production guarantee degree and a very important ratio index of oil industry. Abroad, it has been used extensively in analyzing and judging oil and gas field scale, production situation, stable-production situation and reasonable development plan and so on; in our country, many scholars and specialists have yet analyzed and researched this indicator, of which some theories have been applied in the practical works. Based on related data of other countries, the paper analyzes, correlates and researches present status of worldwide RPR. By statistics, correlating, analyzing and researching, the authors figure out the distribution of world petroleum potentialities and the position of our country′s RPR in the world. At the same time, the research provides some references for correlating our oil companies with world giant oil companies and making strategy decisions. In addition, based on relationships of reserve-production ratio, which include that of RPR with developing time, RPR with recovery percentage of recoverable reserves, the author of this paper briefly analyzes and forecasts the United States′ RPR and the Former United Soviet′s RPR. By the use of obtained functions and forecasting graphs, tendency of the United States′ RPR and the Former United Soviet′s RPR and their inherent oil development potentialities can be predicted conveniently.
  • SUN Yanda and WANG Yongzou
    , 2001, 28(6): 462-0.
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    According to basic principle of Duipt equation, the authors hold that for the exploratory well, the production of well testing stage has no relations with that of the stable production phase, while productivity (specific productivity index) of them has close relations. Based on this and the specific productivity index data from exploratory and development wells of 7 development blocks in peripheral low-super low permeability oil fields of Daqing and authors established prediction equation by regressing for predicting stable production capacity of development wells with the production capacity of exploration wells and provide objective basis for economic evaluation of the reserve. After analyzing 4 main factors (well spacing, timing of water injection, injection-production system, injection-production ratio) influencing stable production capacity of low permeability oil fields of Daqing, it was considered that reasonable well spacing is the basis for increasing stable daily production; synchronous water injection or beforehand water injection is the key for maintaining a plateau oil production; adjusting and improving injection-production system timely so as to increase of water displacement efficiency is an effective measure for maintaining this plateau oil rate and adjusting injection-production ratio timely in order to ensure a reasonable injection-production ratio is the necessary measure for maintaining this plateau oil rate.
  • LI Hongpeng and SU Ping
    , 2001, 28(6): 463-0.
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    There were three methods determining gas well productivity, which are back pressure testing, isochronal testing and modified isochronal testing. These methods all need a long testing time, which can lead to the increase of exploring cost and the waste of resource. For these reasons, a new method determining gas well absolute open flow by using transient well testing data is studied in this paper. Taking Well KL203 as an example, the efficiencies of using several kinds of method to calculate gas well absolute open flow rate, such as binomial pressure method, binomial pressure-squared method, exponential pressure method, exponential pressure-squared, one point pressure method, one point pressure-squared method and new one point pressure-squared method have been compared. Several conclusions were given as below: pressure method is more suitable for calculating high-pressure gas well productivity than pressure-squared. Under the condition that productivity well test has been made, the binomial pressure method is more suitable for calculating absolute open flow. Under the condition that only transient well test has been made or productivity testing has been made but the pressure difference per unit production are not correlated or negatively correlated with production, the new one point pressure is suitable. If all other methods are all unsuccessful, the one point pressure method can be used approximately.
  • 油气藏描述
  • ZHANG Guodong; TANG Wei; ZHAI Ruiguo; FU Guoqiang and LIU Yinggun
    , 2001, 28(6): 466-0.
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    The techniques of wave impedance, geological statistics and multivariate statistics are applied to the prediction of reservoirs in the fluvial facies. These reservoirs normally are thin, change fast in property and are seriously affected by mud content. Through reservoir tracing, extracting reservoir characteristic parameters and structure rebuilding, etc, these techniques are expected to be successfully used to the reservoir study. The reservoir tracing of wave impedance profile is effective in the description of reservoir macroscopic characteristics by color code calibration of sampling reservoir space. With the statistical methods e.g. multivariate statistics, geological statistics etc, the data in the two extremes can be combined. The model of reservoir changes is built according to core, log and cross-well seismic data. The information can be well combined by the model with the appropriate statistical method.
  • CHEN Rong; ZHANG Chuanbao; YANG Weidong; LI Shuli; MA Kui and ZHAO Aiwu
    , 2001, 28(6): 467-0.
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    Jihe oil field in Erlian basin lies in north Jihe. Its oil reservoir is on a nose structure that is on Anan slope of Anan sag in Manite depression. Two blocks with oil have been found in the field:Well-block Ha76 and Well-block Ha78, whose OOIP are 43.7×105t totally. So far, the Well-block Ha76 has been developed. The reservoir beds are in the third Teng hydrocarbon layer, which is in Tengger Formation of Bayanhua Group formed in Lower Cretaceous in Mesozoic. The reservoir beds consist of fine sandstone and sandy gravel, which are shallow-deep lake submarine fan deposits. The fan sediments deposited on steep slope, source area is the Sunite uplift in southeast. Five exploration wells are carefully selected with 3D seismic data, which are in the main structure. Synthetic seismograms are formed according to acoustic logs, with following reprocessing: environment correction, polarity check, depth correction and selection wavelet, calibrating the reservoir beds based on the analysis of strata lithologic association in the zone and interpreting the top structure of reservoir beds. The 3-D visualization technique (i.e. strata, structure and amplitude visualization) has been used, and the extension direction and boundary of sandstone at the Wells Ha78 and Ha81 have been clearly understood. The visual sections of in-line and cross-line show that towards north the reservoir strata become thicker and reflections become stronger. These characters show that the Wells Ha78 and Ha81 are in the center of fan deposit, sand body is thick and porosity is high. It is a good hydrocarbon accumulation zone. The well pattern has been decided for Jihe oil field further development.
  • 讨论
  • LIU Bo; ZHAO Hanqing and YU Huiyu
    , 2001, 28(6): 470-0.
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    In connection with the basic and key problem about the detailed reservoir division and correlation, this paper expounds the principle and application of high resolution sequence straitigraphy which is originated from North America. This article discusses the method of detailed reservoir correlation in Daqing oil field, makes a research on and compares the similarities and differences between high resolution sequence straitigraphy and the detailed reservoir description technology in principle, methodology, applications and concept they used. This research indicates that the marrow of the two methods of the detailed reservoir division is cycles and sequences, the research objects are sequence frames and the scale of sedimentary sequence units. The predominance of using high-resolution sequence straitigraphy in formation correlation is analyzing the dynamic origin, space-time evolution of processing response and recognizing the sequence boundaries of different levels. The predominance of detailed reservoir description technology in Daqing oil field is describing the sedimentary phenomenon and sedimentary characters and predicting the distribution pattern of sand-bodies. On these bases, this paper discusses the research direction of detailed reservoir division and correlation technology in the development of high water cut oil field. The research direction is using the principle of high resolution sequence straitigraphy for reference and by combining the detailed reservoir description technology and consequence derived from Daqing oil field to form a set of detailed reservoir division method and technology which is strong in systematicness, high in theory level and effective in practice. This will lay a foundation for enhancing the oil recovery and the research on the distribution of remaining oil.
  • ZHAO Yongsheng; WANG Xiujuan; LAN Yubo and WANG Songbo
    , 2001, 28(6): 471-0.
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    From the establishment and development history of the “Maths model for judging the geometry of the induced fracture”, it can be seen theoretically that the maths model is the result of simplifying and extending the concept concerned. This paper indicates that the maths model, derived from thick wall-tube theory to determine the minimum well-wall critical (cracking) pressure which is the prerequisite to create the initial vertical fissure on well-wall (which is nothing to do with vertical stress), can be directly expanded to judge the geometry of the fractures between wells. However, the application results of this method to 24 hydraulically fractured layers of 17 wells in Daqing oil field show that the conclusion from this judgment is not unique, which means this model can not be directly applied to judging the geometry of the fractures induced by hydraulic fracturing between wells.
  • 石油史研究
  • SHI Baoheng; XU WANG and ZHANG Qing
    , 2001, 28(6): 476-0.
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    The nine events in Chinese petroleum history contained in the paper“‘Father of China′s Petroleum’and Daqing Oil Field”published on the newspaper of “Today′s Evening Paper” of Tianjin by Mr. HE Jian-ming, are needed to clarify, as following:1) Mr. HUANG Ji-qing is one of pioneers and founders of China′s geological cause, and his outstanding work for surveying petroleum laying the foundations for discovery of the Daqing oil field, however, “the domestic and overseas press and scientific-technological circles”never reported that “he is the father of China′s petroleum”. 2) The discovery well of Daqing oil field, Well Songji-3 was selected based on many joint discussions by experts from Geology and Petroleum Departments, and approved to drill by the Ministry of Petroleum Industry of China. The basis of discovering Daqing oil field is due to working hard by many geologists for many years, and also involved with the efforts and wisdom contributed by leaders and experts from the Ministry of Geology, the Ministry of Petroleum Industry and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, of them Mr. Huang has already been appreciated highly by our country. 3) The geologist who first advanced a theory of continental origin of oil is Professor PAN Zhong-xiang. 4) In regard to the fact that Mr. WENG Wen-hao borrowed drilling machine from ZHOU En-lai in June, 1938, what Mr. HE reported in his paper, in it the concerned time, place and personage are all wrong. 5) The organizer and leader ranked first who discovered and developed the Yumen oil field is Mr. WENG Wen-hao. 6) The Weiyuan gas field was discovered in 1964, not from 1938 to 1941. 7) “The first petroleum cadre in the history of the Communist Party”is Mr. WANG Peng assigned to survey the Yanchang oil field from 1940 to 1941. 8) The conclusion of field survey report provided by the China-U.S.A. geological team in 1937 is that“there exists oil in the northwest part of Gansu province”, and does not mean “no big hope”. 9)“A map of Petroleum Prospect Distribution in Mainland China”, which is the first map showing petroleum prospects in new China, was upheld by Mr.WENG Wen-bo, and drawn up by XIE Jia-rong and HUANG Ji-qing, and exhibited in January, 1955.
  • 石油地质研究
  • REN Zhanli and ZHAO Zhongyang
    , 2001, 28(6): 492-0.
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    By using many geothermal study methods, the late Mesozoic paleo-temperature and geo-thermal gradient have been restored. Results show that western basins and eastern basins which takes Aerjin fault as dividing line, have obvious difference in geo-thermal gradient. Geo-thermal gradient of eastern basins is high, which is generally higher than 3.6℃/100m, and the highest can reach 5.56℃/100m. Eastern basins mainly are faulted basins in type, where the thickness of crust obviously decreases and magmatic activity is intense. These indicate that there is an intensive regional structural-thermal event. However, the western basins are of depression basins, the geo-thermal gradient of them is generally lower than 3℃/100m, i.e. lower than the eastern basins. In western basins thickness of crust increases and magmatic activity is weak. The geo-thermal gradient difference between western and eastern basins of North China in late Mesozoic shows that geodynamic background is different in eastern and western basins.
  • LI Hongxiang; REN Jihong; MA Jiangying and ZHOU Jing
    , 2001, 28(6): 493-0.
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    Based on the hydrocarbon exploration results in Huanghua depression, this paper summarizes the reservoir features of the over pressured oil and gas pools in deep enclosed self-hydrocarbon source petroleum system, and analyses nowadays abnormal high pore fluid pressure and its historical evolution. The relationship of abnormal high pore fluid pressure evolution with clay mineral evolution in mudstone, hydrocarbon evolution and abnormal pore evolution is analyzed; The abnormal high pore fluid pressure which was formed by under-compaction action is the effective power which form the over pressured oil and gas pools of deep enclosed self hydrocarbon source petroleum system. Starting from the petroleum geological characteristics of Huanghua depression, this paper proposes that the sound matching among abnormal pore fluid pressure, hydrocarbon evolution and high porosity zone evolution are the elemental geological conditions to form the deep oil and gas pools. The important conditions for the enrichment of oil and gas and their high production rate are the matching among such factors as favorable sedimentary environment, good source-reservoir-cap assemblage, large sand body and positive structural deformation.
  • LI Aiguo and WANG Fuyong
    , 2001, 28(6): 501-0.
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    The conception of Gas Accumulation System is adopted for the first time in the gas exploration of Sichuan basin. The author of this paper holds that the traps developed within the paleo-uplift and limbs of Shizhu area of eastern Chongqing are the favorable places for gas accumulation. The gas accumulation system consists of a low potential region (Shizhu paleo-uplift) and high potential regions (such as Dianjiang, Wanxian depressions and Xiangexi depression). The primary gas accumulation of the system occurred during Indosinian Movement, and the secondary gas accumulation was controlled by the folding and thrusting forces during the Hymalaya Movement. The system can be separated into three main units vertically: S-P1q, P2l-T1d1+2 and S-T1j1. S-P1q (especially Huanglong Formation of the Carboniferous), having the best pool-forming conditions, should be considered as main exploration target; P2l-T1d1+2 and S-T1j1 (such as Changxing Formation of the Permian and the third Member of Daye Formation of the Lower Triassic), should be considered as associated exploration targets to increase the exploration efficiency, despite the distribution of their very complicated reservoir beds.
  • LUO Ping; YANG Sishen; MA Long and SU Liping
    , 2001, 28(6): 513-0.
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    The laminated muddy dolomite and dolomite mudstones of Xiagou Formation in the Lower Cretaceous, Qingxi depression in Jiuxi basin have very bright prospect. In spite of being tight and low porous, but they are good reservoir rocks proved by the recent exploration and production. The detail lithologic analysis shows that the mud portion of the rocks is mainly composed of clay-size plagioclase. The detail petrography study further confirms the plagioclase particles, which are mostly of peristerite and came from deposition-processed volcanic matter, deposited in a semi-arid lake and suffered from shallow burial. The plagioclase components in laminated muddy dolomite and dolomite mudstones make the rocks much more plastic and brittle, so that regional stress easily caused the sliding and oblique fractures and micro-fractures. Therefore, this is a new type of non-sandstone reservoirs rock. The important find to this type of reservoir rocks implies oil and gas will be discovered in adjacent area of Jiuxi basin and other analogous basins in the future.
  • MA Anlai; BAO Jiangping; WANG Peirong; MAO Fengming; HUO Jiangguo and WANG Weijun
    , 2001, 28(6): 536-0.
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    The discovery of natural gas from Yancheng sag in northern Jiangsu basin is a breakthrough in the history of oil and gas exploration, but its origin is still in dispute. Using chemical composition of the gas, carbon isotope of alkane gas, carbon isotope of benzene and toluene, on-line carbon isotope composition and fluid inclusion methods, a detail study on the origin of natural gas has been carried out. The natural gas has a high methane content, low heavy hydrocarbon content, high dry coefficient, positive carbon isotope distribution and varying δ13C2 ranging between -26.91‰ and -28.31‰, stable value of ln(C1/C2) and varying value of ln(C2/C3). This shows the gas may have multiple source origin. The further research indicates the main gas is the result of crude oil cracking. The gas source rocks may be marine Paleozoic strata. The homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions indicates the gas reservoir formed in the late Tertiary and the gas migrates mainly in the form of water phase and gas phase.
  • CHEN An-ding; WANG Weijun; YUE Kegong and HUANG Jinming
    , 2001, 28(6): 537-0.
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    Zhujiadun gas field was discovered recently in Jiangsu. The oil-gas produced from Tertiary sandstone is divided into three fractions: natural gas, light hydrocarbon and condensate. Gas and light hydrocarbon have humic and over-mature feature, and condensate has sapropelic and low maturity feature geochemically. It is considered that the gas came from the underlying Palaeozoic source-rocks, and condensate came from sapropelic kerogen in Upper Cretaceous source-rocks. In the subsidence period of the Cenozoic basin, the hydrocarbons generated secondarily by Palaeozoic source-rocks migrated upward and passed through fault to Tertiary reservoir. The discovery of this gas field and special forming mechanism of the gas-pool widely opened the mind of the explorers.