, Volume 33 Issue 4

    

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油气勘探
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  Exploration of stratigraphic reservoirs in Jiyang Depression

  GUO Yuanling; ZHANG Linye; JIANG Youlu and GAO Lei

  , 2006, 33(4): 1293-0.

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  Two kinds of stratigraphic reservoirs are developed in the Neogene and Eogene of Jiyang Depression, they are stratigraphic onlap reservoir and unconformable surface screened reservoir. Because of the difficulties in distinguishing them, the complexity of their grown conditions, and the relatively poor crude oil characters, the stratigraphic reservoirs used to be unimportant in the exploration of Jiyang Depression. The exploration period of subtle reservoirs in Jiyang Depression is coming. Along with the deepening of cognition in their generating regularity, and the practicing of new exploration technologies such as sequence stratigraphy and high accuracy 3D seismic survey, the exploration of stratigraphic reservoirs has entered a regular exploration period and increasingly contributed to proven reserves. The rich remaining resources and vast exploration field indicate a good developing prospect in the stratigraphic reservoirs of Jiyang Depression.
专家论坛
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  Status quo, challenges and future strategies of development technology for marginal oil fields in China

  ZHAO Wenzhi; HU Yongle and LUO Kai

  , 2006, 33(4): 1306-0.

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  Onshore marginal oil fields in China primarily refer to the dif ficult-to-produce fields with complex geology, including low-permeabilit y, heavy oil and complex faulted-block fields, etc. A large amount of in-door researches and field pilot tests on marginal oil fields have been carried out in China. Successful experiences have been accumulated and the cost-effective technology for the development of marginal fields established. Most of the recently discovered fields are classified as marginal fields and featured by ultra-low permeability, low productivity, low abundance and/or high viscosity, imposing a challenging problem of development on operators. It is crucial to establish scientific, practical and cost-effective technologies by enforcing basic studies on geology and engineering, enhancing technological innovations, rigorously groping for the development modes and strategies under different circumstances, accumulating good experiences, and changing bias ideas on the marginal fields. The economic issue is the key problem for the marginal field development. Methods and technologies capable of reducing the costs and suited to local conditions should be encouraged.
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  Discussion on gas well productivity, gas field plateau and gas area development potential

  FANG Yisheng; LIU Henian and LUO Kai

  , 2006, 33(4): 1307-0.

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  Based on the gas field development characteristics and the domestic and abroad practices, some development-related aspects, such as evaluation methods for gas field average productivity, the relationship between development rate and production plateau, and the development potential of gas area, are discussed in order to improve the scientificity and reliability of development evaluation, infrastructure construction and investment decision, and finally achieve the goal of high efficient development and long-term stable gas supply. Six worldwide-used formulae and their applicability are evaluated. The relationship of development rate and production plateau is analyzed using some cases of gas fields with long development histories in China, Turkmenistan, and Russia, showing that from the plateau viewpoint, the fractured gas fields in Sichuan are the best, while the gas fields in Turkmenistan the worst. The gas development potential is comprehensively analyzed based on the facts of depleted and major developing gas areas in Russia and of the gas area of relatively long history in Sichuan, China. When predicting the development potential, supply stability and duration of gas fields (areas), a comprehensive evaluation and forecast which takes into account scale, quality, the timing and sequences of production, the creditability and reliability of the unproved OGIP should be carried out so as to lower the risk of development decisions and improve the scientificity of the medium- and long-term development planning.
油气勘探
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  Deep basin reservoir in Songliao Basin

  HOU Qijun; WEI Zhaosheng; ZHAO Zhanyin; SONG Lizhong and MAO Chaolin

  , 2006, 33(4): 1308-0.

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  According to the formative mechanism of deep basin gas, the pool-forming mechanism of Fu-yang oil layer in Songliao Basin was studied from the aspects of depositional reservoir character, overpressure of source rock, power of hydrocarbon migration and hydrocarbon distribution. The paper argues that the widely distributed low-permeability reservoirs are different from the conventional lithological reservoir and belong to deep basin reservoir: sandstones are continuously distributed in the whole basin, reservoirs are compact in the depression area; oil sources are abundant and with overpressure as the major driving force of hydrocarbon expulsion; the phenomenon of oil underlying water exists; oil layers of low production rate are widely distributed, there are local economical exploration areas with reservoirs of great thicknesses and good properties. The deep basin reservoir pool-forming pattern of Fu-yang oil layer is established, by which a great resource potential is forecasted in the deep basin reservoirs. The adjustment of exploration strategies is suggested.
油气田开发
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  Flow state distribution of areal radial flow in low permeability sandstone reservoir

  SHI Dianhai

  , 2006, 33(4): 1309-0.

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  For the purpose of studying the non-Darcy flow rule of fluid in low permeability reservoir, the reservoir's flowing state was divided into three types, no-flow, nonlinear flow and pseudo-linear flow, and the corresponding flow equations were built based on lab results of non-Darcy flow, and flow state distribution formulas of areal radial-flow of single-phase were deduced for quantitatively analyzing the flow state distribution around production wells. In the two-phase areal radial-flow, the fluid saturation distribution in flow field changed constantly, the distribution of nonlinear flow and pseudo-linear flow changed, too. In calculating the flow state distribution of two-phase flow, the two-phase displacement coefficient was considered in the single-phase formulas of minimum displacement pressure gradient and critical displacement pressure gradient. According to the analyses of fluid flow state, the method and theoretical formula for designing reasonable well space of low permeability reservoir were put forward, and the results have been applied to infill well space of pilot block in Shengli Oilfield, and achieved good effect.
油气勘探
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  Reservoir characteristics and identification techniques of Lower Tertiary lithological reservoirs around Well Qi 62, Western Liaohe Sag

  DOU Xin; CHEN Zhenyan; LI Cheng; HUI Xuefeng and ZHANG Juxiang

  , 2006, 33(4): 1310-0.

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  The Qi62 well area lies in the transitional slope-depression belt of the Qijia-Huanxiling down-step, in the western slope of west Liaohe Sag. Over several years of exploration, multiple sets of hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Archaeozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic have been found, but the characteristics of the reservoirs and identification techniques are unknown. Based on the principle of sequence stratigraphy, high-resolution stratigraphic frames are constructed in this area. The Member 3 of Cenozoic Shahejie Formation is divided into three third-order sequences, each with LST, TST, HST identified. Simultaneously, on the basis of an isochronous stratigraphic framework, the frequencydivision technique in small time interval, the three-dimensional log constraint inversion, the seismic attribute identification, and the forecasting reservoir technique are used to choose three good lithologic trap reservoirs and arrange three wells Qi 231, Qi 232, Qi 233. All these wells show oil and gas.
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  Seismic pre-stack time migration techniques

  WANG Xishuang and ZHANG Ying

  , 2006, 33(4): 1311-0.

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  Prestack time migration processing does not require highly of velocity fields. It can get a good imaging result in the circumstance of a complex structure and smooth lateral variation of velocity field. Thus it has gained much attention and wide applications in prospect areas in PetroChina. The key techniques involved in prestack time migration processing such as prestack noise attenuation, amplitude compensation, deconvolution, static correction and velocity model building are summarized, and their application effects are also analyzed in the overall assessment of oil-abundant sags, the elaborate exploration of complexly faulted blocks, the identification of carbonate karst topography and the exploration of stratigraphic reservoirs. The results prove that prestack time migration is an accurate seismic imaging technique with an evident technical preponderance and broad application prospects, being suitable for seismic data processing in the areas of smooth lateral variation of velocity field.
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  Prospect of primary Palaeozoic oil-gas pools in eastern exploration region, Sinopec

  ZHANG Zhongmin; LONG Shengxiang and XU Huazheng

  , 2006, 33(4): 1312-0.

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  The Lower Paleozoic source rocks in the eastern exploration region of Sinopec are mainly marine carbonates with a low organic content. The rocks in southern Bohai Bay reached early maturation at the end of Mid-Triassic and started secondary hydrocarbon generation at the Mesozoic. To Cenozoic, although subsiding further to more than 10 km, most source rocks in which organic-rich kerogen had already been cracked up were limited in generating hydrocarbon. In the southern North China, the lower Paleozoic source rocks reached primary maturation at late Triassic and the secondary hydrocarbon generation did not occur at the Cenozoic. The Upper Palaeozoic is mainly a set of coal measure sediments with great thicknesses of coal and dark mud beds, which experienced two maturation periods at the end of late Triassic and of early Cretaceous. Based on previous studies, it is concluded that the favorable Upper Paleozoic oil and gas prospects are in the southern Bohai Bay, including Dongpu Sag, Linnan Sub-Sag, southern Dezhou Sag and northern Xinxian Sag. There is risk for the exploration of the Lower Paleozoic proto-petroleum, and the southern Bohai Bay is a preferred place.
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  Strategy for next step oil & gas exploration in Northern Songliao Basin

  WANG Pujun; CHENG Rihui; WANG Hongyan; LIANG Xiaodong; SHAN Xuanlong; YANG Baojun; SUN Xiaodong and LIU Wanzhu

  , 2006, 33(4): 1313-0.

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  There are two successions of source rocks in the northern Songliao Basin, which are dark shale and coal developed in the faulted sequences of Shahezi (K↓1s) and Yingcheng (K↓[1]y) Formation and dark shale in the depressed sequences of Qingshankou (K↓2qn) and Nenjiang (K↓[2]n) Formation. Reservoir rocks include sandstone and conglomerate in the overall sequence and volcanic rocks in the lower succession of basin fillings. Regional cap rocks are the mudstones of K↓[2]n↓[1+2] and K↓2qn↓1. According to basin filling signature, tectonic evolution, and exploration experiences, the authors predict three kinds of preferred oil and gas potential targets for next step exploration. The first is volcanic reservoirs similar to the high-productive Well XS1 drilled in Daqing. The second is unconformities related to those seismic reflections of T↓[5], T↓[4] and T↓[3]. The upper and lower sequences of the basin fillings are different concerning tectonic evolution, stratigraphy and relevant hydrocarbon-bearing features. Oil is predominantly contained in the upper and gas is expected to be in the lower. The third is reverse fault belts which include both pre-Cenozoic reservoirs and reservoirs formed since Neogene.
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  Sequence stratigraphic framework and sedimentary facies prediction in Dongying Formation of Nanpu Sag

  XU Anna; ZHENG Hongju; DONG Yuexia; WANG Zecheng; YIN Jifeng and YAN Weipeng

  , 2006, 33(4): 1314-0.

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  The Nanpu Sag is a downfaulted lacustrine basin with strike-slip faulting. The Palaeogene Dongying Formation is dominated by the depositional system of alluvial fan facies, fan delta facies (braided delta facies) and lacustrine facies. With the high resolution sequence stratigraphy and the correlation analysis of cores, logs and seismic data, different orders of sequence boundaries and facies sequence are identified and l model of Dongying Formation are built and used to predict the distribution of reservoirs. The study shows that stratigraphic sequence boundary, maximum flood surface, sedimentary facies and structural settings are the dominant factors controlling the distribution of favorable sand bodies and oil reservoirs in the Dongying Formation. The distribution of oil reservoirs is dominated by such characteristics as relatively vertical concentration and area zonation. A lot of hydrocarbon reservoirs are concentrated in Ed↓1 that underlies the maximum flood surface vertically. Those discovered reservoirs are typically distributed in the second strike-slip fault zone in Nanpu Sag.
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  Acquisition technologies for second round of 3D seismic survey in Gaoliu, Nanpu Sag

  XIE Zhanan and ZHOU Haimin

  , 2006, 33(4): 1315-0.

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  The quality of old seismic data in the Gaoliu area was very low and could not meet the technical needs of petroleum production. A second round of 3D seismic survey was carefully conducted. New acquisition solutions were designed to solve the problems of complex surface conditions, high dips of formations, highly faulted formations and small sizes of blocks. Advanced surface acquisition technologies, such as the shot-point restorable varying layout system, the shot-point lateral movement varying layout system and the block special layout system were applied. Seismic acquisition methods and the corresponding parameters were carefully optimized. The processed results of this acquired seismic data are featured with high signal to noise ratios and relatively high resolution. Shallow data are qualified for precise structural interpretation and high resolution of reservoir prediction. Medium and deep data are suitable to structural interpretation and sequence stratigraphic studies. With this seismic data, related comprehensive geological studies, and a few exploration and evaluated wells, new oil-bearing areas of 85.5km↑[2] and 256.01 million tons of oil geologic reserves were discovered.
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  Petroleum controlling theory of Lunnan paleohigh and its buried hill pool exploration technology, Tarim Basin

  HAN Jianfa; WANG Zhaoming; PAN Wenqing; ZHAO Mengjun; GU Qiaoyuan and QIN Shengfei

  , 2006, 33(4): 1316-0.

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  Aimed at the difficulties in the petroleum exploration and development, the controlling function of Lunnan paleohigh on the hydrocarbon accumulation of Ordovician buried hill is studied based on new theories and technologies. A theoretical system is established of the paleohigh controlling petroleum accumulation and the buried hill being wholly petroliferous with local enrichment. The paleohigh is the main direction that the hydrocarbon migrated to. It controls the up growth of karst crack-cavity type reservoir, the formation of the fault transportation system and the multiperiod accumulation of oil and gas. The paper presents a new model of karst quasi-layered reservoir of Lunnan residual paleohigh, indicating that the hydrocarbon under the control of karst reservoir is accumulated within the 150m of the surface layer of buried hill. A series of exploration and development technologies for buried hill pools of the kind are also developed, including the reservoir 3D seismic forecast and acidizing & fracturing improvement, the heterogeneous carbonate well point choice, and the irregular well pattern development, etc.
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  Geochemical characteristics of immature oil from east sag of Kailu Basin, Inner Mongolia, China

  FENG Guozhong; HU Kai and ZHANG Juxing

  , 2006, 33(4): 1317-0.

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  Immature oil has been explored and exploited in the eastern sag of Kailu Basin, Inner Mongolia, China. The geochemical characteristics of source rock indicate that the source rock is of great abundance and low thermal maturity evolution. The oil shale of Upper Jiufotang Formation (Lower Cretaceous), which is of low maturity, is the primary petroleum generation sequences. The oil and source rock correlation shows that the oils in each oil-bearing structure are related to the source rock of the Upper Jiufotang Formation. The correlation of total organic carbon and potential oil production interprets the early hydrocarbon generation of oil shale. Thermo-compression modeling experiment further proves that the oil shale dominated the early hydrocarbon generation. Exploration priorities should be given to oil shale zones in those shallow sags with a low thermal evolution.
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  Bedrock reservoir of Jingbei buried hill in Damintun Sag, Liaohe Depression

  NI Guohui; BAO Zhidong; DU Xudong; ZHANG Zhanwen; LI Xiaoguang and CHEN Shaosheng

  , 2006, 33(4): 1318-0.

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  The strata of the Jingbei buried hill are made up of carbonate rocks in shallow sea and clastic rocks on shore in the Middle Proterozoic, mainly are carbonate rocks, quartz sandstone and argillaceous rocks. The rocks have experienced the following three periods: diagenesis of the dolomite, weathering corrosion-cementation and light metamorphosing. However, the key influencing factors which decide the reservoir capability have not been recognized. The developmental history and the storage feature of the reservoir are analyzed from tectonics and sedimentology. The log data is applied in studying the lithology and fractures to research the spatial distribution rules of the reservoir. With the evaluation result of the bedrock reservoir from the oil testing, the control factors affecting the reservoir development and storage capability are analyzed and summarized. It is showed that the control factors are lithology and lithologic association, diagenesis, weathering, and tectogenesis. Depositional environment decides the lithology and lithologic association; lithology and diagenesis decide the development of the primary pores and secondary interstices; weathering and tectogenesis control the oil storage and reconstruct the storage space.
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  Application of sequence stratigraphy to early geological evaluation of carbonate gas reservoir development: an example from Luojiazhai oolitic bank gas reservoir in NE Sichuan Basin

  ZHENG Yali; DING Guosheng and ZHANG Xianfeng

  , 2006, 33(4): 1319-0.

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  Oolite beach carbonate reservoir of Feixianguan Formation in Luojiazhai, NW Sichuan Basin is a platform edge facies sediment with massive thickness and uniform distribution. Based on the theory of sequence stratigraphy, the Feixianguan Formation was divided into five sequences and 10 system tracts. A sedimentation model was established for this area. As the main reservoir, platform edge Oolite beach facies is widely distributed in the high stand of Sequence Ⅰ, and in the sequences Ⅱ and Ⅲ. In Luojiazhai, there are two edge oolite beaches spreading from east to west. The west one is formed later than the east one. They have experienced diagenesis with different degrees. The east experienced 5 periods of dolomitization and fresh-water dissolution, while only slight dolomitization can be identified in the west. Reservoir properties in the east are superior to the west.
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  Tectonicthermal evolution analysis of Yunlong Sag, Chuxiong Basin

  WANG Ying and ZHANG Kai

  , 2006, 33(4): 1320-0.

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  Yunlong Sag is a favorable prospecting area in Chuxiong Basin, SW China, and it is essential to research its thermal history for comprehending the exploration potential of the whole sag. Apatite fission track can be used as the index of thermal history inversion. The depression thermal history was reconstructed according to the apatite fission track of the core and outcrop samples in Well Yuncan 1. The result indicates that the heat flow value kept increasing from Early Cambrian to Late Silurian. Then it went down continually until Late Cretaceous, and up again to the present. The depression's thermal characteristics are in accordance with its tectonic development. The subsidence history suggests that two episodes of quick subsidence have caused the increasing of the two heat flow values.
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  Macroscopic framework and constitution characteristics of the transportation system in downfaulted basin —An example from Dongying Sag, Shengli Oilfield

  XIONG Wei

  , 2006, 33(4): 1321-0.

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  The research on the macroscopic transportation system in basin is the basis for reservoir forecasting and the precondition for the research of reservoir-forming mechanism. The up-building process of the macroscopic framework of the transportation system in the basin is particularly introduced and the constitution characteristics are systematically analyzed from the distribution of reservoir. The reservoir distributions in different series of strata in Dongying Sag are of comparability and combination, and they are obviously controlled by the constitution mode of transportation system. The transportation system is of zoning laterally and combination vertically, and is different in different tectonic zones. The similar sedimentary system assemblage leads to the vertical combination of transportation system. The types and distribution of the transportation system determine the types and spatial combinations of the reservoirs. The fault, sand body and unconformity have effects on the migration and accumulation of oil and gas. The same type transportation body but of different origins has different transportation ability. Different transportation system combinations have different transportation mechanisms as well as migration and accumulation efficiencies.
油气田开发
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  Studies and practices on the steam injection EOR of water drived heavy oil reservoirs in Shengli petroliferous province

  ZHOU Yingjie

  , 2006, 33(4): 1322-0.

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  The water drive recovery efficiency of the ordinary heavy oil reservoirs with crude viscosity of more than 100mPa·s is generally lower than 18% in Shengli petroliferous province. The reserves with recovery factors of less than 25% are up to 375 million tons. Under the same pressure gradient, the higher the oil viscosity is, the lower the percolation flow velocity. At normal temperatures, the oil driving efficiency and the sweep efficiency of water driving are low, and the crude viscosity increases after water drive. When heavy oil is heated, its percolation flow velocity increases considerably, the starting pressure gradient decreases, the oil-water relative permeability improves, and the oil displacement efficiency increases. The steam flood can improve heavy oil seepage flow characteristics, remain oil saturation, and enhance oil displacement efficiency, conformance factor as well as EOR. For further improving the ordinary heavy oil reservoirs recovery, a pilot test was carried out based on optimizing the development technique policy of steam injection and obtained an obvious EOR result
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  Heavy oil recovery techniques in Liaohe Oilfield and key technical research in next step

  WANG Xu

  , 2006, 33(4): 1323-0.

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  Liaohe oil province is an important heavy oil production base of China. Through nearly two decades of technical research and field practice, the unique techniques, especially medium and deep heavy oil and extra and super-heavy oil production techniques are formed, including the heavy oil thermal production, the sand control, the artificial lifting, the transportation and processing, the heavy oil drilling and completion techniques, etc. The authors summarize the main techniques of heavy oil development in Liaohe and make recommendations on the key technical research in the next step in the light of the main contradictions at present. To tackle these issues, attention should be focused on the following economic process after CSS: thin heavy oil reservoir development techniques, prolonging production life for thermal horizontal wells, and offshore heavy oil development techniques.
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  An expanded combination chemical flooding test in Gudao Oilfield

  GUO Lanlei

  , 2006, 33(4): 1324-0.

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  The ASP combination chemical flooding expansion test of ultra high water cut period has succeeded in the conventional well patterns in Gudao Oilfield. The water cut is close to that before the test after pre-slug injection, main slug injection, protective slug injection and the follow-up water flooding. The ASP flooding enlarged the swept volume and improved the displacement efficiency. The injection pressure rose, the injectivity profile and interlayer contradiction was modulated. The oil production increased and the water cut dropped. The development effect improved evidently compared with water flooding. The enhanced oil recovery is 11.7%. The success of the expanded test shows that it is possible to enhance oil and reduce water by using ASP flooding in the conventional well patterns with waste water injection.
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  Boundary element method for pressure transient analysis of double-porosity reservoir

  HE Yingfu; LI Jian; YANG Zhengming and ZHANG Xunhua

  , 2006, 33(4): 1325-0.

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  In order to study the seepage regularity of the arbitrarily shaped reservoir with double-porosity, a transient flow mathematical model is constructed. By using the Laplace transform, the model is reduced to its form in Laplace space. The boundary element method and Duhamel principle are employed and the bottom hole pressure with the effects of skins and well bore storage into consideration is obtained. The type curves in different boundary conditions are plotted and analyzed. It indicates that the intermediate zone beginning is determined by interporosity flow parameter, the duration of intermediate zone is decided by storativity ratio, and the transient pressure response is affected by boundary condition. The impermeable region has a great influence on transient pressure response and using the feature of pressure derivative type curve can recognize the impermeable region.
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  Porous flow theory and prediction method of the microbe taking-in-and-sending-out production

  ZHU Weiyao; LIU Shengzhi and WANG Yuanji

  , 2006, 33(4): 1326-0.

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  A series of multi-component microbial mathematical models are developed based on microbial flooding experiments, taking-in-and-sending-out mechanisms, and various physicochemical phenomena taking place in microbial EOR processes, such as phase change, rheological property of oil phase, the microbial increase law, the decline and fall law, the microbial competition, repulsion and inducement, adsorption, and diffusion. The models can describe the functioning rules of microbial flowing, chemical reagent diffusion, chemical and physical change of fluids as well as effective time of stimulation, and the impact of microbes and fluid and solid environments on the taking-in-and-sending-out. Simulative computational methods are developed after the expatiation of the fundamental porous flow theories, indicating that the models can correctly imitate the displacement mechanism of the improved porous flow theories for the microbe taking-in-and-sending-out.
石油工程
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  Eliminating wellborestorage effects by improving ISA technique

  YANG Yongzhi; LIAO Xinwei and SHEN Pingping

  , 2006, 33(4): 1327-0.

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  In order to overcome the effects of wellbore storage in the ISA (Inverse Solution Algorithm) well testing, the Laplace deconvolution method is applied to deal with practical well testing data. The paper substitutes changing rate process for wellbore storage effect, and applies the Laplace transform deconvolution method to deal with the rate and pressure data of bottom hole and get real pressure derivative data. If the rate and pressure data cannot be tested both, rate is defined with wellbore storage coefficient that can be obtained with the analysis of initial pressure data. In the same way, the Laplace transform deconvolution method is applied to get real pressure derivative data in Laplace transform. Stehfest numerical inversion algorithm is used to get real pressure derivative data in real spatial. The distribution of permeability based on the resultant pressure derivative and ISA satisfactorily reflects the stratigraphy. The new method is conducive to improving the analysis of well testing with the wellborestorage effects.
国际交流与合作
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  Classification and assessment of petroleum system in Amu-Daria Basin

  GUO Yongqiang; LIU Luofu; ZHU Shengli and ZHU Yixiu

  , 2006, 33(4): 1328-0.

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  The petroleum potential and distribution of Amu-Daria Basin are studied based on the theory of petroleum system. According to the eras of source rock strata, the Amu-Daria Basin is divided into three petroleum systems, i.e. Lower-Middle Jurassic, Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous petroleum systems. The Lower-Middle Jurassic and Upper Jurassic petroleum systems have three and four active source areas respectively, which are correspondingly divided into three or four sub-petroleum systems. The boundaries of these petroleum systems are divided based on the analysis of distribution of source areas, reservoir characteristics, structural framework and oil-rock correlation. In terms of exploration potential, the Lower-Middle Jurassic petroleum system is the greatest one, the Upper Jurassic petroleum system is relatively big, and the Lower Cretaceous petroleum system is small but also has a certain potential.