Petroleum Exploration and Development

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A new idea for petroleum exploration in Qaidam Basin

ZHENG Yadong; MO Wuling; ZHANG Wentao and GUAN Ping

, 2007, 34(1): 1418-0.

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Searching for fissure-type oil and gas traps is probably the key of petroleum exploration in Qaidam Basin, where oil seeps and anticlines are abundant but without enough ideal reservoirs. A field research of the Youquanzi anticline shows that there are conjugate kink zones on its northern and southern limbs. The angle between the zones is 110°, and the anticlines in between are of box-shape. The bedding outside the zones is sub-horizontal and the inside bedding is sub-vertical with locally overturned. The zones develop interlayer dilation fractures and small-scale thrusts filled with fiber gypsum and locally with oil, indicating that the zones were once filled with high-pressure fluids. The shoulder of the southern kink zone near the core is the culmination of the structure. Drills should be arranged along the culmination, and then an oblique drill along the main kink zone is expected to obtain fissure-type traps.

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Discussion on hot spots in petroleum geology

HU Jianyi

, 2007, 34(1): 1427-0.

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With the deepening and extension of exploration activities, the theories of petroleum geology need to be further examined in many aspects. Some problems and their brief analyses are presented facing some current issues of general interest, including theories about the formation of high-altitude reservoirs, development and challenges of non-marine petroleum geology, types of potential reservoir and exploration area (stratigraphic-lithological traps), and attributes of natural gas formation and distribution. The formation and preservation of high-altitude reservoirs are subject to rigorous condition restraints. Continental petroleum geology has many unclear and unresolved problems in the principle of petroleum accumulation in deep zone as well as the matching of petroleum accumulation. Stratigraphic-lithological reservoirs are getting more important with the deepening of basin exploration. Natural gas provinces are separately distributed and possess attributes specific to themselves.

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Connotation, classification, formation and distribution of giant oil and gas province

ZOU Caineng and TAO Shizhen

, 2007, 34(1): 1428-0.

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The concept "giant oil and gas province" is coined to describe the petroleum province with big reserve scale that is composed of petroleum provinces and accumulation belts with relations in their generation, type and distribution in the uniform tectonic dynamic settings. It may be smaller or bigger than a basin. Uniform tectonic dynamic settings and similar pool-forming conditions are the basis of forming the provinces,and the basic criterion to divide them is prototype basin or depression type. The provinces have similar tectonic settings, high quality source rocks, favored sedimentary reservoirs and effective regional seals. China steps across the Pacific-surrounding active continental margin and the continental plate collision related giant petroleum domains, and has four giant oil provinces, seven giant gas provinces and one giant oil and gas provinces. The exploration strategy "integrated research, integrated deployment and integrated evaluation" is proposed. The concept is to enhance the transition of research and exploration thinking from finding giant fields to finding giant provinces.

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Analysis on upstream developing trend of multinational petroleum corporations

LI Xiaodi; ZHANG Guosheng and ZHANG Yongfeng

, 2007, 34(1): 1429-0.

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During recent years, as the oil price increases continuously, the multinational petroleum corporations (ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch/Shell Group, BP, Chevron-Texaco and Total-Fina-Elf) have adjusted their developing strategies, especially for upstream. From the strategies of these multinational petroleum corporations, several traits are emerging: the upstream business is strengthened and put in the core place; the upstream business is moving out of America and Europe; natural gas and renewable resources are developing rapidly; the upstream business cost is increasing; and acquisition, reorganization, selling and merger are taken as significant ways for petroleum corporation development. Since the three Chinese national oil corporations (CNPC, Sinopec and CNOOC) are performing to enlarge their scales and win the international competitions, the strategies of those five multinational corporations are of great use for reference.

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Law of petroleum accumulation and distribution in Triassic Chang 2 oil-bearing Formation in eastern North Shaanxi Slope, Ordos Basin

ZHAO Jingzhou; WANG Yongdong; MENG Xiangzhen; SHI Baohong; WANG Xiaomei and CAO Qing

, 2007, 34(1): 1430-0.

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The formation and distribution of Chang 2 accumulations in Triassic Yanchang Formation in the North Shaanxi Slope is considered to be controlled by sedimentary facies, and the accumulations are lithologic, on which the structural and other factors are believed to have no important effect. The reason is that the Slope is a large smooth monocline dipping westward and characterized by simple structure without folds and faults. The present study shows that they are controlled by multiple factors, such as sedimentary facies, the background of nose-shaped uplift, faults, hydrodynamics, etc. The background of nose-shaped uplift is important for the formation and enrichment of the accumulations. Faults as migration pathways are important to the formation and distribution of the accumulations. Hydrodynamic condition is a significant factor for updip direction barrier. Besides lithologic accumulations, structure-lithologic and structure-hydrodynamic composite accumulations are possibly the main types of the Chang 2 accumulations.

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Sedimentary facies and lithologic oil pools of the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in Daqingzijing area, Changling Sag, southern Songliao Basin

WEI Zhaosheng; SONG Xinmin; TANG Zhenxing and YANG Guang

, 2007, 34(1): 1431-0.

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Daqingzijing area is a synclinal structure in the central part of Changling Sag. With the Qing-1 member of Qingshankou Formation as the main target zone, Daqingzijing oilfield is discovered with reserves of 100m tons. The reservoirs are mainly derived from Tongyu to Baokang deltaic depositional system, and the sedimentary environment from Qing-1 to Qing-3 members transforms from deep-lake type to shallow-lake type. The sedimentary environments of Qing-1 and Qing-2 members are similar, and with the deep-lake type delta front subfacies developed. The facies belts are fluvial-dominated sandbars and underwater distributaries channel micro-facies with their distributions being multiple and independent in plane as well as narrow-banded in source direction, which is favorable for forming large-scale lithologic deposits. Comprehensive analysis indicates that Qing-2 member has a potential of 50m tons reserves, and is the main target for exploration of the next step.

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Characteristics of natural gas geochemistry and accumulation in Western Sichuan Depression

QIN Shengfei; TAO Shizhen; WEI Xiaowei; WEI Xiaowei and SONG Mingwei

, 2007, 34(1): 1432-0.

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The widely developed Upper Triassic coal-measure source rocks have provided sufficient gases for the pool formed in the Western Sichuan Depression. The gases have very low non-hydrocarbon contents and different dry coefficients with distinct component fractionation between reservoirs. The gases in the reservoirs are mainly coal-formed. Only the T2l reservoir in Zhongba gas field is of oil-type with some H2S in it. The Western Sichuan Depression has endured several times of gas accumulation, mainly Laramide orogenies. During Hymalaya thrust movement, the shallow reservoirs have been improved and thus secondary gas reservoirs could be formed. The reservoirs are obviously controlled by paleo-uplift, and the shallow secondary reservoirs are usually distributed in the areas that have endured strong tectonic movement. The concealed fractures have acted an important role during the secondary reservoir formation. The gases are distributed in middle and upper lens-shaped reservoirs due to preservative condition.

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Diagenesis of anhedritite in the Cretaceous reservoir and its influence on the hydrocarbon distribution in southeast Jianghan Basin

XIONG Jinyu; GUAN Ping; HAN Dingkun; ZHANG Wentao; WANG Yingjia; LUO Man and LI Duoli

, 2007, 34(1): 1433-0.

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The property of the Cretaceous Formation Yuyang reservoir in the southeast of the Jianghan basin, with great heterogeneity, is controlled by micro-facies and diagenesis. All diagenesis types can be found in the research area. The processes of compaction, pressure solution, cementation, and displacement reduce porosity and permeability, while the resolution process can form a quantity of intergranular, intragranular and fold pores, which improve the reservoir quality. The crucial factors that reduce the porosity and permeability are the cementation and displacement of anhedritite, which comes from the gypsum sector of the source rock in the Xingouzui Formation. The sulphate migrates into the reservoir together with the hydrocarbon. Where the anhedritite occurs tends to be the place where the hydrocarbon appears, implicating that the hydrocarbon distribution is controlled by the anhedritite.

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A biodegradation experiment of crude oils in laboratory

BAO Jianping; ZHU Junzhang; ZHU Cuishan; YI Shaoxing and NI Chun-hua

, 2007, 34(1): 1434-0.

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To identify the chemical changes of crude oils in biodegradation, two oil samples from the BZ36-2-1 and PL14-3-1 wells in Bozhong Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, were biodegraded in laboratory under the 30℃ constant temperature with aerobic condition. The results show that the biodegradation process of crude oils is obviously affected by their initial chemical compositions. For the crude oil with high concentrations of alkanes, its biodegradation rate is much slower than the crude oil with low concentrations of alkanes. And lower molecular normal alkanes (nC10-20) are biodegraded earlier than higher molecular normal alkanes (nC21-35) in crude oils. The ability to resist biodegradation for phytane series is higher than that for normal alkane series. In the early stage of biodegradation, Pr/Ph ratio is hardly affected, but Pr/nC17 and Ph/nC18 ratios are easily affected. Therefore, much more attention should be paid when using those parameters for biodegraded oils.

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High-resolution sequence stratigraphic analysis of Lower Shihezi Formation of Daniudi Gasfield in Ordos Basin

TANG Minan and SUN Baoling

, 2007, 34(1): 1435-0.

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The Lower Shihezi Formation is a main gas producing formation, which is so complex in deposition that it is difficult to identify its stratigraphic sequences using conventional sublayer correlation. Based on the analysis of datum cycle markers in logging, drilling and seismic data, 3 moderately-long-term (MSC3-MSC5) and 15 short-term cycles (SSC13-SSC27) were identified in the formation using the concept of high resolution sequency stratigraphy. The moderately-long-term and short-term cycles can be subdivided into symmetric and asymmetric types. The former type can be subdivided into 3 subtypes, i.e. C1 with the uplifting semi-cycle more than the subsiding semi-cycle, C3 with the uplifting semi-cycle less than the subsiding semi-cycle, both of which are incomplete symmetric, and C2 with two equal semicycles. The isochronous stratigraphic framework was established for moderately-long-term and short-term cycles. Tracing and correlation of sand bodies were conducted, with the accuracy of reservoir prediction improved.

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Using seismic and log information to predict and evaluate hydrocarbon source rocks: An example from rich oil depressions in Bohai Bay

ZHANG Han and ZHU Guangyou

, 2007, 34(1): 1436-0.

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The prediction and evaluation of hydrocarbon source rocks have long been depending on rock samples analysis. Relatively, this method is easily achieved provided that there are boring samples in study area, while it is otherwise without cores or any drilling data. The research shows that geophysical data embraces a large amount of geochemical information: the seismic reflection can help track source rocks distribution; and SDT, resistivity, DEN and other parameters could be utilized to figure out OM richness. This technique is proved to be effective, and the calculated value is close to the true value. It overcomes the affection and deviation by the heterogeneity of source rocks, and can be used to evaluate the hydrocarbon rocks in regions with no cores and little geochemical information.

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High-precision integrative recognition technology for flutings in Jingbian Gasfield, Ordos Basin

GU Daihong; DAI Jinyou; LAN Chaoli and HE Shunli

, 2007, 34(1): 1437-0.

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Both the gas enrichment and the drilling success were seriously influenced by the extensive flutings in Jingbian Gasfield, Ordos Basin. The distribution and shape of the second- and third-order sub-flutings were hard to be determined by common interpretation methods under the current low-density seismic grid. A new method of fluting recognition is presented which is dominated by seismic attributes and combined with both static and dynamic information from drilling, well testing and production. More than 16 main flutings, 83 second-order flutings, 206 third-order flutings have been identified by this method in Jingbian Gasfield, and these flutings mainly strike towards EW-NEE, with local deflexion. Successful drilling show that the method can improve the precision of fluting recognition.

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Optimization of horizontal injection and production pattern

LING Zongfa; HU Yongle; LI Baozhu and WANG Lijuan

, 2007, 34(1): 1438-0.

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To investigate its development efficiency and difference from vertical injection pattern, horizontal injection pattern was studied using reservoir simulation. Compared with vertical injection pattern, horizontal injection pattern can form linear drive to put off water breakthrough, improve sweep efficiency and recovery. Pressure loss on the horizontal section of horizontal wells impacts on the horizontal well waterflooding. Corresponding parallel horizontal well pattern in opposite direction decreases the effect of pressure loss and can overcome local water breakthrough. Stagger parallel horizontal well pattern in opposite direction (horizontal producer toe to horizontal injectior toe), the best pattern, takes into account pressure loss and can enlarge the pattern-controlled area. The locations of horizontal injector and producer in thin homogeneous layers do not influence the recovery obviously. In a case study of Hader 4 thin sandstone reservoir in Tarim Oilfield, horizontal injection-production pattern decreased injection pressure, improved injection rate and the ability of keeping field pressure.

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The recovery mechanism and application of Brevibacillus brevis and Bacillus cereus in extra-low permeability reservoir of Daqing

GUO Wankui; HOU Zhaowei; SHI Mei and WU Xiaolin

, 2007, 34(1): 1439-0.

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In view of oil and water properties and reservoirs characteristics of Chaoyanggou oilfield on the periphery of Daqing, Brevibacillus brevis and Bacillus cereus were screened as the bacterial groups of bacterial oil recovery. When the bacterium act on hydrocarbon, only long-chain paraffin hydrocarbon molecules (over C20) are degraded, mainly by oxidative degradation and the metabolic product is dominated by saturated alkyl acid, with no short-chain hydrocarbon molecules being generated. The interfacial tension is decreased by about 50% and many kinds of organic acids being generated; the bacterium can selectively degrade some mid and high carbon paraffin hydrocarbons, resulting in the content of long-chain paraffin hydrocarbon being decreased and that of short-chain paraffin hydrocarbon increased, oil viscosity decreases by about 40%, the wax content and resin content decreases, and the rheological property is improved. Physical simulation of oil displacement indicates that oil recovery factor is increased by 6.7%. The pilot test in extra-low permeability oil fields has got desirable result.

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Technical and economic potential for polymer flooding in Shengli Oilfield

张莉

, 2007, 34(1): 1440-0.

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Numerical simulation and economic evaluation were used to study the economic limits under different oil prices and the potential of polymer flooding in Shengli Oilfield. The optimum polymer amount is closely related to the oil price. In terms of economic effectiveness, low oil price requires small amount of polymer, and high oil price requires larger amount. In the present high price, the potential of increasing polymer amount is great in the polymer flooding units. The potential is low in the follow-up water flooding units. There is no potential in the fourth reservoirs for its bad interconnection and pore and void growing. The partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) is unfit in the rich third reservoirs of high temperature and high salinity. By the further study of polymer with temperature resistance and salt tolerance and polymer with one or more types of special chemicals, the polymer flooding technology would be used in the third reservoirs if pilot tests succeed

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Technologies of water shut-off and profile control: An overview

XIONG Chunming and TANG Xiaofen

, 2007, 34(1): 1441-0.

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Water shut-off and profile control is an important technology for improving water flooding efficiency of seriously heterogeneous reservoir, especially for the mature reservoir with higher water-cut. New methods have been put forward and applied during the past years to meet the production demand, which made significant contribution to the mature reservoir development. This paper reviews the traditional techniques, indicates the problems need to be solved, and proposes the related tendency. For the mature reservoir chartered by higher water-cut and serious heterogeneity, the research of desirable water shut-off and profile control technologies should put emphasis on the development of depth water divert materials with lower cost and higher quality, simultaneously take efforts to investigate the corresponding mechanisms and assistant on the base of reservoir re-understanding. With such efforts the overall disadvantageous water distribution in depth reservoir can be disrupted and the improvement of water-flooding efficiency can be achieved.

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Viscoelastic surfactant fracturing fluid rheology

LI Aishan; LI Aishan; JU Yuqin and ZUO Jiaqiang

, 2007, 34(1): 1442-0.

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To solve the problems of VES fracturing fluids, VES-SL fracturing fluid was developed and its rheological property was studied. VES-SL system consists of two main components, SL surfactant and additive I. The viscosity of VES-SL fracturing fluid is less affected by the alkyl structure changes of the SL surfactant. At low concentrations, VES-SL system can still have a relatively high viscosity. The viscosity of VES-SL system can be improved by using additive I, the inorganic salt is conductive to increasing the cohesiveness of fracturing fluid in a certain concentration. VES-SL system is superior to HPG fracturing fluid in anti- degradation and shearing strength, and has better mobility. Experiments show that the VES-SL system exhibits a high viscosity, low cost, and low damage to core matrix. The field tests in Block Ying-543 in Shengli Oilfield reveal that the property of VES-SL system is better than that of HPG fracturing fluid. The system increases oil production.

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Mechanisms and significance of microfractures generated by microwave heating in sandstone reservoirs

LI Gao; MENG Yingfeng; TANG Hongming; LUO Yuqiong; DONG Zhaoxiong and ZHANG Tingshan

, 2007, 34(1): 1443-0.

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For its unique characteristics of none heat conduction needed, rapid temperature rise, little thermal inertia, selective heating, strong penetration power and easy control, microwave heating (MWH) has been experimentally applied to oil exploitation. However, few researches focused on the microstructure changes of reservoir rocks during MWH. This hinders the application of the MWH technology. Microstructure changes, microfracture characteristics and its generation mechanisms during MWH were studied through laboratory experiments. Compared with conditional heating, as the results have shown, MWH was more likely to induce sandstone to generate microfractures with different mechanisms. Three major mechanisms were noted, including mineral shrinking due to dehydration, cracking among granules and cracking inside granules. Microfractures generated by MWH were undirectional. It is concluded that it is helpful to improve near wellbore permeability and enhance the recovery efficiency of low-permeability oil/gas reservoirs through downhole MWH.

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Optimization design of integral fracturing parameters for low-permeability highly faulted reservoirs

SUI Weibo and ZHANG Shicheng

, 2007, 34(1): 1444-0.

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For the integral fracturing treatment of low-permeability highly faulted reservoirs, due to the complicated field stress distribution and irregular well patterns, it is difficult for hydraulic fractures and well arrays to be parallel or to be 45 degree. The conventional post-fracturing performance forecast method cannot be used. PEBI grid, a new type of grid in reservoir simulation technology, was applied into the optimization design of integral fracturing, so the simulations of irregular well patterns and arbitrary fracture orientations could be made. The advantages of PEBI grid over the conventional Cartesian grid were proved. Aiming at the characteristics of fractured flooding pattern of Wei 42 fault block in Pucheng Oilfield, three types of injection-production well position were summarized, which are suitable for other highly faulted reservoirs. The match of hydraulic fractures and well patterns were optimized. The angles among injectors and producers have the optimum value, which should be optimized by practical field stress; long fractures should be made in the area far away from the faults, but fracture length should be optimized well in the area near faults because the stress orientation tended to change; the relative injectors and producers position and fracture length have much bigger effects on development than fracture conductivity for ultra-low permeability reservoirs.

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Effect prediction of in-situ combustion based on Support Vector Machine

YUAN Shibao; JIANG Haiyan; BAO Bingsheng and TAO Jun

, 2007, 34(1): 1445-0.

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In-situ combustion is an effective thermal recovery method. In order to decide whether the in-situ combustion is applicable or not, it is necessary to predict the effect of in-situ combustion with proper methods. It was realized with the method of numerical simulation which is time wasting and influenced by artificial factors. The statistic theory about Support Vector Machine (SVM) is applied to predicting the effect of in situ combustion. From 42 domestic and overseas field pilot studies, 14 parameters typical of reservoir bed, fluid and operating are used as input vector and the air-oil ratio is used as output vector. The SVM model is then constructed and tested. Influences of kernel function selection and algorithm parameters choice on the prediction result are also discussed. The result shows that the maximum mean relative error of the method is 6.491%, which confirms the feasibility of this method in predicting the in-situ combustion effect.

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Borehole stability technique for Huo'erguosi anticline, Junggar Basin, Northwest China

YU Baohua; DENG Jingen and WANG Haige

, 2007, 34(1): 1446-0.

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Borehole unstablility is one of the major problems that hamper the drilling speed in the anticline of Huo'erguosi. Comprehensive analysis of geological and engineering data indicates that, due to the extrusion of tectonic movement, the anticline features high in-situ stresses and fractured formations. High dip formations are rich in stratifications and are strongly water-sensitive, causing frequent borehole collapse and lost circulation problems. Tests and theoretical analysis reveal that the borehole unstability is influenced by many interactive mechanisms with the unstability of high-dip stratification shale dominative. The key to prevent the unstability of high stressed, high-dip stratification shale is proper drilling fluid density. A method for properly determining drilling fluid density is presented, and its application in Well Huo 003 got good results. This paper also discusses the feasibility of using direction drilling to solve the borehole stability problem, which has practical values in dealing with borehole unstability problems.

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A method of predicting petroleum resource spatial distribution and its application

HU Suyun; GUO Qiulin; CHEN Zhuoheng; LIU Yunhua; YANG Qiulin and XIE Hongbing

, 2007, 34(1): 1447-0.

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A multivariate statistical method is proposed to predict the geographic locations of undiscovered petroleum accumulations on the basis of improvements of the existing methods. The method involves a data integration using Mahalanobis distance, a probabilistic classification employing Bayesian statistics, and the estimation of probability of hydrocarbon occurrence at untested locations utilizing the established classification model. The application of this method is demonstrated through a case study in the Nanpu Sag. The method was validated by the successful predictions of the oil and gas bearing areas of Beipu and Laoyemiao blocks in the onshore part of the sag in the north. The predicted high potential areas in the Liaopunan, Nanpunan and Hatuo blocks of the offshore part of the Nanpu Sag in the south were confirmed by 17 new exploratory wells in 2005 with an 81% success rate, suggesting that this method is useful for risk reduction in exploration.

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A solution and information system of E&D project management

ZHANG Guangjie; CHANG Yuwen; QU Debin and DONG Weihong

, 2007, 34(1): 1448-0.

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In order to meet the requirements of the management of exploration and development (E&D) projects of PetroChina, strategies and solutions for managing production projects were studied to pursue the optimal management of E&D projects in the whole process for minimal cost and maximal profits. In terms of the independence and connections of projects, the optimal management involves 6 aspects, i.e. assessment and management of traps, evaluation and management of pilot exploration, reservoir evaluation management, productivity construction project management, post-evaluation management of field investment projects, and decision making management of field investment projects. Based on the study, an information system of E&D production project management (PIMS) was developed, which could be used for the optimal management in PetroChina level and the oilfield level. Recently PIMS was used for the E&D production project management of PetroChina with satisfactory results.

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Transfer zone character and its relationship to hydrocarbon in Fula Sag, Sudan

WANG Wangquan; DOU Lirong; ZHANG Zhiwei; LI Zhi and LI Qian

, 2007, 34(1): 1449-0.

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Muglad Basin, southern Sudan, is a passive rift basin resulted from the extensional tectonics of the dextral shear stress field in the Central African Trans-current Slip Zone. Fula Sag of 5000km2 is located in northeastern Muglad. Fula Transform Zone in the middle structural zone is formed during the first rifting phase in Early Cretaceous. During the second rifting phase in Late Cretaceous, faults reactive and the zone is finalized. During the third rifting phase in Paleogene, the tectonic framework of the zone isn't changed and only small accommodation faults are developed. The effect of the zone to hydrocarbon accumulation exists in the whole reservoir-forming process. The transfer zone may form structures or traps that are prone to hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. It controls the distribution of organism-rich sendiments or sandbodies by dividing the depositional area into isolated subsags. The dense faults in the zone provide channel for hydrocarbon migration and accumulation.

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, Volume 34 Issue 1