, Volume 34 Issue 3

    

• Select all
  |

油气田开发
• Select
  Data processing of electromagnetic flow imaging log

  NIU Hulin and WU Xiling

  , 2007, 34(3): 1423-0.

  Abstract ( ) Knowledge map Save

  To get the accurate and real-time display of the flow pattern and determine the phase hold-up in the process of monitoring production performance, an data processing method of electromagnetic imaging log is developed. Firstly, physical and mathematical models of flow imaging measurement are established. The finite element simulation is used to solve the problem. The smooth algorithm modified by Twomey reconstructs the image. The more accurate image is obtained by image processing, such as the combined method of median filtering and average filtering, S Watanabe binarization, image modifying, and measurement of the image area. Results show that, for the complex distribution model, the relative error of the phase hold-up is 12.36% with 6MHz frequency. By real-time detection of the multi-phase flow in wells, the method can obtain two-dimensional or three-dimensional distribution of the multi-phase flow, and provide foundation for production condition evaluation and reservoir performance analysis.
• Select
  3-D physical modeling on macroscopic fluid flow mechanism of enhanced oil recovery by polymer flooding

  XU Hui; QIN Jishun; WANG Jialu and JIANG Hanqiao

  , 2007, 34(3): 1424-0.

  Abstract ( ) Knowledge map Save

  The macroscopic fluid flow mechanism of EOR by polymer flooding is studied using "the 3-D physical modeling system of complicated driving system in HT/HP conditions for EOR". Production performance, pressure field and saturation field are measured with a differential pressure unit and saturation measuring probes. The resistance increased, the pressure went up and the flow direction changed under the physical and chemical actions of adsorption, retention of polymer. The polymer changed the flow direction from the main stream to remaining oil regions on its either side and displaced the remaining oil. The polymer flooding not only displaced the residual oil in the main stream, but also displaced that on its either side by enlarging swept volume from the main stream to the side. The dynamic pressure and saturation fields in the 3-D physical model can better describe the oil displacement mechanism of EOR by polymer flooding.
• Select
  Application of the development technology of water-sensitive heavy oil reservoir in Bamianhe Oilfield

  XU Pidong

  , 2007, 34(3): 1425-0.

  Abstract ( ) Knowledge map Save

  The Es41 of Mian 120 block in Bamianhe Oilfield is a rare low-permeability heavy oil reservoir with strong water sensitivity at a high temperature. The sandstone reservoir permeability is 258mD, being the lowest limit of thermal recovery screening standard. When 6 PV steam is injected at 250℃, the permeability drops by 80%. In view of the reservoir characteristics of heavy oil, thin layer, weak edge water energy and strong water sensitivity, laboratory experiments and field tests with the reservoir engineering method are conducted. BY-BA3 and OW-3-8 are favorable antiswelling agents, and injecting them with steam can protect the reservoir to the greatest extent. Changing the steam soaking after 2～3 cycles into the hot water (100℃) flooding is the optimum development scheme. The best well spacing is the combination of vertical and horizontal wells, the optimum distance is 300m between the vertical and horizontal wells, and the length of horizontal well is 300m.
石油工程
• Select
  Remote sensing techniques for oil spill monitoring in offshore oil and gas exploration and exploitation activities: Case study in Bohai Bay

  YU Wuyi; LI Jin; SHAO Yun; QI Xiaoping and LIU Yang

  , 2007, 34(3): 1426-0.

  Abstract ( ) Knowledge map Save

  Marine oil spill pollution directly damages the marine environment and arouses international dispute. The space borne remote sensing monitoring techniques have advantages of wide area surveillance,multi-temporal resolution,prompt acquisition,and high precision. It has become one of the key marine oil pollution monitoring techniques. This paper takes the oil pollution accident occurred in March 2006 in Bohai Bay as an example. The Envisat ASAR data is used to determine the pollution origin and delineate the polluted marine area. The polluted area is precisely calculated based on the image interpretation and the analysis of the Envisat ASAR images collected on March 23rd, 2006. The total polluted marine area is more than 400 km2. This study shows that SAR remote sensing and GIS are important techniques to secure the environment issue during the marine oil exploration and exploitation. It is crucial to set up an emergency response system for the marine oil pollution and environment monitoring.
油气勘探
• Select
  Geological theory and exploration technology for lithostratigraphic hydrocarbon reservoirs

  JIA Chengzao; ZHAO Wenzhi; ZOU Caineng; FENG Zhiqiang; YUAN Xuanjun; CHI Yingliu; TAO Shizhen and XUE Shuhao

  , 2007, 34(3): 1474-0.

  Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save

  The remaining onshore hydrocarbon resources in China, which are distributed in lithostratigraphic reservoirs of low and medium abundance, have great potential for exploration. Aimed at the exploration of the lithostratigraphic reservoirs in four types of prototype basins (onshore terrestrial rifts, depressions, forelands and marine kratons) and in glutenites， volcanics and fracturevug carbonate rocks, significant results are achieved on geological theory, technological innovation and production efficiency through five years of systematic study. (1) Establish the geological theory about the lithostratigraphic reservoirs in the fourtype basins; (2) Establish the largearea accumulation theory of lowmedium abundance lithostratigraphic reservoirs; (3) Innovate systematic exploration procedures and series of technologies for the lithostratigraphic reservoirs. Twentyone core patents are of independent innovation; (4) Push forward the significant exploration transformation from structural reservoirs to lithostratigraphic reservoirs, leading to great success in exploring largescale lithostratigraphic reservoirs by PetroChina Company Limited.
• Select
  Preliminary discussion on accumulation mechanism of sand lens reservoirs

  ZHAO Wenzhi; ZOU Caineng; GU Zhidong and TAO Shi-zhen

  , 2007, 34(3): 1475-0.

  Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save

  Petroleum accumulation of sand lens is a long controversial problem, because some sand lenses immerged in source rocks form reservoirs but others not. The accumulation mechanism of sand lens is discussed from hydrocarbon-generation dynamics, capillary pressure and fluidic exchange on surface between source and reservoir rocks, and demonstrated by physical simulation experiments. The study shows that fluidic pressure difference drives the petroleum generated from source rocks towards the sand lens, capillary pressure difference drives the petroleum situated at the contact belt into the sand lens, and buoyancy has the petroleum accumulated on the top of the sand lens. Meanwhile, water in the sand lens naturally escapes from sandstone to mudstone under the capillary pressure difference. So the sand lens can form reservoirs. The sand lenses without forming reservoirs may be relative to the insufficiency of hydrocarbon-driving dynamics and the stop of fluidic exchange passage due to the hydrocarbon-generating peak period being later than the diagenesis and cementation periods.
• Select
  Oil accumulation and concentration regularity of volcanic lithostratigraphic oil reservoir: A case from upper-plate Carboniferous of KA-BAI fracture zone, Junggar Basin

  KUANG Lichun; XUE Xinke; ZOU Caineng and HOU Lianhua

  , 2007, 34(3): 1476-0.

  Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save

  The controlling factors and the regularity of accumulation and enrichment are revealed in the upper-plate Carboniferous volcanics in Karamay-Baikouquan(KA-BAI) fracture zone, Junggar Basin. The oil derived from the lower-plate Permian accumulates to the upper-plate via faults, unconformities and Carboniferous reservoirs, and is trapped by heavy-oil, faults and the Baijiantan mud-belt, thus forming the upper-plate lithostratigraphic reservoir. This upper-plate Carboniferous reservoir is charged effectively on the flat, and shows a stair-pattern vertically. The reservoir has the fracture-pore double porosity, and strong heterogeneity. The volcanic eruption facies and effusion facies near faults are the major areas of oil/gas concentration and high production. In 2005, the proved oil in place is more than 50 million tons, and the 3rd order oil in place is more than 180 million tons in the area, showing a good prospect for oil exploration.
• Select
  Caledonian karst palaeogeomorphology and the forming condition of gas pool, southern Ordos Basin

  XIA Mingjun; DAI Jinxing; ZOU Caineng; WANG Zecheng and TAO Shi-zhen

  , 2007, 34(3): 1477-0.

  Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save

  The distribution of Caledonian residuum reservoirs in the south of Ordos Basin is mainly controlled by karst palaeogeomorphology, strata of residuum and sedimentary facies. The facies of the O1m5 residuum is dolomitic tidal flats, with well-developed dissolved pores; while that of O2p is deep water slopes, with abundant faults, fractures and caves. On the central palaeohigh, palaeogeomorphology is platforms composed of old strata and compacted rock, with vertical fractured zones at the residuum's top; on the west side, it is slopes with well-developed fractures and caverns; on the south side, it is platforms with well-developed faults, caverns, and weathering fractures; on the east side, it is mostly terraces or saddle-shaped terrain, with abundant dissolved pores in the residuum which locates on dolomitic or anhydrite-bearing dolomitic tidal flats. The main controlling factors of the forming of gas pool are hydrocarbon generating center, palaeogeomorphology, strata of residuum and sedimentary facies. Favorable zones are the O2p hydrocarbon generating center in Yaoxian, Xunyi and Chunhua and the O1m5 in eastern central palaeohigh.
• Select
  Petroleum accumulation in Ordovician carbonate rocks of Yuqi region in Akekule uplift, Tarim Basin

  KUANG Lixiong; GUO Jianhua; HUANG Taizhu and XIAO Qiugou

  , 2007, 34(3): 1478-0.

  Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save

  The Yuqi Block is an important oil and gas exploration play in the Akekule uplift. The hydrocarbon accumulating conditions in the Yingshan Formation are studied and the accumulation model is established using the techniques of basin analysis, reservoir prediction, fluorescence thin section and fluid inclusion. The oil and gas in the Yuqi Block come from the Cambrian to Lower Ordovician source rocks in the southern Akekule uplift. Yingshan Formation reservoirs are of cave, fracture-pore and fracture types, and their physical properties are intermediate. The seal conditions of Lower Carboniferous mudstones are fair, but the late Hercynian structural event is the most important influence element on petroleum preservation. There are at least four oil/gas charges in the Yingshan Formation, and the most important charge periods are Late Hercynian and Himalayan (Cenozoic). The accumulation model is lateral expulsion of hydrocarbon and multistage accumulation, and the evolution has four stages.
• Select
  Development of unconformity and its effect on the migration and accumulation of hydrocarbon in Wu’erhe-Xiazijie area, Junggar Basin

  YANG Yong and ZHA Ming

  , 2007, 34(3): 1479-0.

  Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save

  There are multiphase unconformities in the Wu'erhe-Xiazijie area of Junggar Basin from Permian to Jurassic, including the truncation, onlap, fold, fault-fold and parallel unconformities. According to the heterogeneity of the weathering and erosion degree, the unconformities have three types of rock association: basal conglomerate - leached zone - argillic horizon, transgressive sands - leached zone - argillic horizon, and sand stone/mudstone zone - leached zone.The first type is distributed in the north of fault belt, in a narrow belt shape, with the basal conglomerate retained in situ, the weathering crust in good preservation, and the leached zone developed. The second type has good sorting and psephicity because of mass transport caused by lacus immersion. The third type is formed as a result of repetitious water immersion and reliction. The differences of sectonic position, tectonic movement, and provenance cause the different unconformity structures. Based on this, the genetic model of the unconformities is analyzed. The hydrocarbon reservoirs related to unconformities in the area include the unconformity screened and stratigraphic onlap reservoirs.
• Select
  Effective reservoir recognition of paleogene trachyte in the middle part of the east sag of Liaohe Depression

  GU Tuan; DAI Jinxing and NIU Jiayu

  , 2007, 34(3): 1480-0.

  Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save

  The paleogene trachyte in the middle part of the east sag of Liaohe Depression is abundant in oil and gas, forming the biggest trachyte reservoir, Huangshatuo field in China. There are several kinds of volcanic rocks with heavily changed lithology. The development of the reservoir faces two problems, the recognition of trachyte and its effective reservoir space. The logging information is used to recognize the lithology. Circumferential Borehole Imaging Log (CBIL) is used to characterize the effective reservoir space. The trachyte has different lithologic chemistry and mineral characteristics from basalt and other volcanic rocks. This difference is the geological ground to distinguish the lithology quantitatively when the correlating charts, including GR-K2O, GR-ΦCNL, GR-ρb, GR-RT, being employed. Four types of effective reservoir space have been identified through CBIL. Based on testing data and logging parameters, three classes of effective reservoir have been identified.
• Select
  Evolutionary of faults and their control on fractures in buried hill in Beier Depression

  SUN Yonghe; WAN Jun; FU Xiaofei and CUI Peng

  , 2007, 34(3): 1481-0.

  Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save

  The developing and evolving characteristics of faults in Beier Sag show that faulting controls fractures in buried hills. The fracture development is influenced by the faulting activitites in the late depositional periods of the Budate Group, Nantun and Yimin Formations. In the late depositional period of the Yimin Formation, faulting activities make early-formed closed fractures open and form new opening fractures in the buried hills. The direction of fractures is closely related to the directions of faults. Fractures nearby NNE tenso-shear faults develop in the direction of NNE, those nearby NEE tenso-shear faults develop both NEE and NWW, and those in the area controlled by both NEE and NNE faults develop complicately. The development of fractures is controlled by their density. The favorable areas of opening fractures in the buried hills are basculating fault zones formed at the end of the Yimin Formation deposition as a result of faulting activities.
• Select
  Reservoir characteristics of Member 3 of Dongying Formation in Zhanhua Sag

  ZHANG Pengfei; CHEN Shiyue; ZHANG Mingjun and YAN Jihua

  , 2007, 34(3): 1482-0.

  Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save

  During the sedimentary period of the Member 3 of the Dongying Formation fan-delta sedimentary system in the Zhanhua Sag,sandstone reservoir primarily appeared in some micro-facies, such as fan-delta subaqueous distributary channel, mouth bar, creeping turbidite. The average porosity and permeability of the sandstone are 21.15% and 108.08mD,respectively. The distribution of the reservoir thickness and physical properties is controlled by the sedimentary facies, the reservoir on the boundary of the sag is thicker than in the inner, the physical property becomes better and then worse from the boundary to the inner. The thin-section data indicates that the reservoir is primarily lithoclastic quartz sandstone and lithic sandstone, the pore is chiefly primary pores with good communication. The reservoir of the creeping turbidite having good physical properties is surrounded by the source rock of the shallow and semi-deep lacustrine facies, and is the most favorable reservoir of the Dongying Formation.
• Select
  Sedimentary systems of the third member of Shahejie Formation, central Huanghua Depression

  YAN Detian; WANG Hua; XIAO Dunqing; WANG Jiahao and LIAO Yuantao

  , 2007, 34(3): 1483-0.

  Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save

  The third member of Shahejie Formation in the central part of Huanghua Depression is one of the most important oil-bearing and exploration formations. Based on modern sedimentology, sequence stratigraphy, core analysis, logging and seismic data, four sedimentary systems are identified in this area, including fan delta system, braided delta system, lake system and gravity flow system. The member is subdivided into three sequences (SQ1, SQ2, SQ3) and nine system tracts based on sequence stratigraphy. The distribution patterns of the depositional systems in space and the source provenance in each system tract of the Sha-3 member are analyzed; five favorable areas are predicted, they are the central part of Qinan Sag, the southeastern part of Qibei Sag, the central part of Banqiao Sag, the thrown side of the Gangdong fault and the southwestern part of the Haihe fault.
• Select
  Synthetic geochemical identification of oil or water layers in low permeability reservoirs: A case from Jishan sandbody, Jiyang Depression

  LIU Junmin; PENG Pingan and ZHANG Linye

  , 2007, 34(3): 1484-0.

  Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save

  Taking the low permeability reservoirs in the Jishan sandbody of Huimin Sag, Jiyang Depression as examples, together with limited data of well tests, the geochemical evaluation method for the reservoirs has been proposed as follows: Firstly, Rock-Eval provides hydrocarbon-content information to determine sketchily oil layers, water layers and oil-water layers, and the marginal values of ST are 4.00mg/g and 2.00mg/g respectively. Secondly, Pyro-GC is used as a supplementary tool to identify water layers. Thirdly, either variation coefficient calculated from the Rock-Eval data or P/DBT parameter from the GC-MS data is available to distinguish oil layers from oil-water layers. The variation coefficient values of oil-water layers are more than 0.3 and those of oil layers are less than 0.3. The P/DBT ratios of oil-water layers are less than 12.5 and those of oil layers are more than 12.5. The pyrolitic parameter S1/S2 can be used to distinguish genuine and sham barrier beds and evaluate the connectivity of oil columns for reservoirs with fast phase change and many muddy thin beds.
• Select
  An analysis of attribute prediction result in seismic physical modeling

  JI Min; WANG Shangxu; LI Shengjie and CHEN Shuangquan

  , 2007, 34(3): 1485-0.

  Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save

  Seismic attribute derives from seismic data which is changed in processing flow and may affect the result of seismic attribute prediction. Different seismic sections would be got from the same seismic data with different processing, and therefore causing different attribute prediction results. To overcome this problem, an analysis of sensitive attribute prediction was done to three different seismic sections coming from the same physical model data. It indicates that the prediction results are different for the same sensitivity attribute which comes from different seismic profiles. Whichever seismic section is chosen depends on the insitu stratum to improve the prediction result.
• Select
  Understanding on the geochemical parameters used for secondary oil migration:Revelation from simulation experiment of secondary oil migration

  WANG Huitong; ZHANG Dajiang; ZHANG Shuichang; SONG Fuqing; WANG Peirong and ZHANG Yufu

  , 2007, 34(3): 1486-0.

  Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save

  To judge the direction of petroleum secondary migration by using geochemical parameters, the simulation experiment of secondary oil migration was performed in self-designed apparatus. The family composition, saturated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, and alkyl phenol and neutral nitrogen compounds in the simulation samples were analyzed using GC-MS. The results demonstrate that crude oils have the same phenomena as the chromatography process while passing through carrier beds. In the experiment, except for the light fraction which is mainly used for solvent, all other compound contents do not simply increase or decrease, instead they have an enriching process. The migration direction can be judged by combining the concentration curve of the compounds and their ratio curve into one drawing. If both the curves change in one direction (increase or decrease), the direction is the migration direction. If they have different directions, then the decrease direction is the migration direction of crude oils.
油气田开发
• Select
  Hydraulic fracturing technology in clay-carbonate fractured reservoirs with high temperature and deep well depth

  JIANG Tingxue; ZHANG Yiming; FENG Xingkai; DING Yunhong; DUAN Yaoyao; WANG Xin and SHU Yuhua

  , 2007, 34(3): 1487-0.

  Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save

  A systematic hydraulic fracturing technology is put forward for clay-carbonate reservoirs whose characteristics are: deep well depth (4237.5m), high temperature (146℃), high pore pressure (42MPa); high content of clay (15%-22%) and of velocity-sensitive minerals (54%-71%); richly distributed horizontal stratifications, natural fractures or cavities; ultra-low permeability (0.0087-0.022mD) and oil saturation (12.3%-18.3%). The highlights of the hydraulic fracturing are: finely processed Guar fracturing fluid with higher viscosity and lower damage; high strength ceramic proppant with different types and sizes; a new kind of mini-fracturing technique; a new optimization technique of systematical fracturing treatment parameters; a new strategy of flowing back of fracturing fluid. In Well Jingu 13, the fracturing treatment is successful and the post-fracturing performance is satisfactory.
• Select
  On the effectiveness of increasing oil recovery factors with ASP flooding and polymer flooding under the limit water-cut conditions

  ZHAO Changjiu; LU Shouliang and LI Xinfeng

  , 2007, 34(3): 1488-0.

  Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save

  Taking the Xing'erxi ASP flooding test as an example, the paper discusses the issue of increasing oil recovery factor by ASP flooding under the condition of residual oil being dominant in reservoirs with a long-time 100% water-cut. After the ASP flooding, the oil recovery factor in the central well area of the Xing'erxi reservoir is increased by 19.46%, indicating that the ASP flooding is suitable for reservoirs with a high water flooding oil recovery factor and the remaining oil dominated by residual oil. The mechanism of ASP flooding is to improve oil-displacing efficiency by reducing interfacial tension and expanding its sweeping area. Whereas the polymer flooding can only increase oil recovery factor through enlarging the swept volume but cannot improve the oil displacement efficiency. Oilfield data and the numerical simulation of the Xing'erxi reservoir show that the polymer flooding can only enhace slightly the oil recovery in this type of reservoirs.