A study on gas charging mechanism by three dimensional visualized pore-scale physical simulation

A study on gas charging mechanism by three dimensional visualized pore-scale physical simulation

QIAO Juncheng^1,2, ZENG Jianhui^1,2, XIA Yuxuan³, CAI Jianchao^1,2, CHEN DongXia^1,2, JIANG Shu⁴, HAN Guomeng⁵, CAO Zhe⁶, FENG Xiao⁷, FENG Sen^1,2

1. State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China;
2. College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China;
3. School of Geophysics and Spatial Information, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China;
4. Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China;
5. Dagang Oilfield Company, PetroChina, Tianjin 300280, China;
6. Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Beijing 102206, China;
7. CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Limited, Beijing 102206, China;

Received:2021-05-07 Revised:2021-11-26 Online:2022-01-26 Published:2022-01-26

基于三维可视化孔隙尺度物理模拟的天然气充注机理

乔俊程^1,2, 曾溅辉^1,2, 夏宇轩³, 蔡建超^1,2, 陈冬霞^1,2, 蒋恕⁴, 韩国猛⁵, 曹喆⁶, 冯枭⁷, 冯森^1,2

1.中国石油大学（北京）,油气资源与探测国家重点实验室,北京 102249;
2.中国石油大学（北京）,地球科学学院,北京 102249;
3.中国地质大学（武汉）,地球物理与空间信息学院,武汉 430074;
4.中国地质大学（武汉）,构造与油气资源教育部重点实验室,武汉 430074;
5.中国石油大港油田公司,天津 300280;
6.中国石油化工股份有限公司石油勘探开发研究院,北京 102206;
7.中国石油集团工程技术研究院有限公司,北京 102206

作者简介:乔俊程（1991-）,男,山东烟台人,博士,中国石油大学（北京）在站博士后,主要从事含油气盆地油气成藏、非常规油气地质、非常规油气储集层表征与评价等研究工作。地址：北京市府学路中国石油大学（北京）,地球科学学院,邮政编码：102249。E-mail: Juncheng.Qiao@cup.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金委重点项目“致密砂岩微米-纳米孔喉网络系统石油充注、运移和聚集机理”（41330319）; 中国博士后科学基金“多类型烃源岩煤系地层源储界面微观通道特征及其对致密气充注的影响研究”（2020M680030）; 高校基本科研业务经费项目“致密砂岩气充注机理研究”（2462020XKBH016）

Abstract

Abstract: A three-dimensional visualized real-time pore-scale physical simulation of natural gas charging , in-situ pore-scale computation, pore network modelling, and apparent permeability evaluation theory were used to investigate laws of gas and water flow and distribution, and controlling factors during the gas charging process in low-permeability (tight) sandstone reservoir. By describing features of pore-scale gas-water flow and distribution and the variations, it is found that the gas charging in the low permeability (tight) sandstone can be divided into two stages, expansion stage and stable stage. In the expansion stage, the gas flows continuously first into large-sized pores then small-sized pores, and first into centers of the pores then edges of pores; pores more than 20 μm in radius make up the basic framework of gas charging pathway. With the increase of charging pressure, mobile water in the edges of large-sized pores and in the centers of small pores is displaced out successively. Pores 20-50 μm in radius and pores less than 20 μm in radius dominate the expansion of gas charging channels at different stages of charging in turn, leading to reductions in the average pore-throat radius, throat length, and coordination numbers of the pathway. Increase of gas saturation mainly occur in the expansion stage, when pores 30-50 μm in radius control the increase pattern of gas saturation. In the stable stage, gas charging pathways have expanded to the maximum, so the pathways keeps stable in average pore-throat radius, throat length, and coordination number, only irreducible water remains in the pore system, the gas phase is in concentrated clusters, while the water phase in the form of dispersed thin film, and the gas saturation and apparent permeability tend stable. Connected pores less than 20 μm in radius control the expansion limit of the charging pathways, the formation of stable gas-water distribution, and the maximum gas saturation. The heterogeneity of connected pore-throats affects the dynamic variations of gas phase charging and microscopic gas-water distribution. It can be concluded that the pore-throat configuration and heterogeneity of the micro-nanometer pore system control the dynamic variations of the low-permeability (tight) sandstone gas charging process and gas-water distribution features.

Key words: low permeability (tight) sandstone, gas charging, three-dimensional visualization, pore-scale physical simulation, micro-nanometer pore network, gas and water flow and distribution

摘要： 利用三维可视化在线微米-纳米孔隙尺度天然气充注物理模拟实验,结合孔隙尺度原位叠算技术、孔隙网络模拟技术和视渗透率理论,研究低渗（致密）气充注过程中气水流动与分布规律及其影响因素。通过精确刻画分析孔隙尺度气水流动与分布特征及其变化可以发现,低渗（致密）气充注过程分为扩张和稳定两个阶段：扩张阶段形成了大孔喉先于小孔喉,孔喉中央先于边缘的气驱水连续流动模式,半径大于20 μm的孔喉构成了气相充注通道的格架;随充注动力增加,孔隙边缘和更小孔隙中央的可动水持续被驱出,半径为20~50 μm和半径小于20 μm的孔喉分阶段依次主导了气相充注通道的扩张,充注通道的孔喉半径、喉道长度和配位数递减,是气相渗透率与含气饱和度的主要增长阶段;其中,半径为30~50 μm的孔喉控制了含气饱和度的增长模式。稳定阶段,气相充注通道扩张至极限,通道的孔喉半径、喉道长度和配位数保持稳定,孔喉网络中形成稳定的不可动束缚水,气相呈集中网簇状、水相呈分散薄膜状分布,含气饱和度和气相渗透率趋于稳定。半径小于20 μm的连通孔喉控制了气相充注通道的极限规模,控制了稳定气水分布的形成及最大含气饱和度。连通孔喉非均质性影响了孔喉中气相充注和气水分布的动态变化过程。微米-纳米孔喉配置及其非均质性控制了低渗（致密）砂岩气充注动态过程及气水分布特征。

关键词: 低渗（致密）砂岩, 天然气充注, 三维可视化, 孔隙尺度物理模拟, 微米-纳米孔喉网络, 气水流动与分布

CLC Number:

TE135

QIAO Juncheng, ZENG Jianhui, XIA Yuxuan, CAI Jianchao, CHEN DongXia, JIANG Shu, HAN Guomeng, CAO Zhe, FENG Xiao, FENG Sen. A study on gas charging mechanism by three dimensional visualized pore-scale physical simulation[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development.

乔俊程, 曾溅辉, 夏宇轩, 蔡建超, 陈冬霞, 蒋恕, 韩国猛, 曹喆, 冯枭, 冯森. 基于三维可视化孔隙尺度物理模拟的天然气充注机理[J]. 石油勘探与开发.

/ / Recommend / Download Citations

References

[1] 贾承造, 郑民, 张永峰. 中国非常规油气资源与勘探开发前景[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2012, 39(2): 129-136.
JIA Chengzao, ZHENG Min, ZHANG Yongfeng.Unconventional hydrocarbon resources in China and the prospect of exploration and development[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2012, 39(2): 129-136.
[2] 邹才能, 张国生, 杨智, 等. 非常规油气概念、特征、潜力及技术: 兼论非常规油气地质学[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2013, 40(4): 385-399, 454.
ZOU Caineng, ZHANG Guosheng, YANG Zhi, et al.Geological concepts, characteristics, resource potential and key techniques of unconventional hydrocarbon: On unconventional petroleum geology[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2013, 40(4): 385-399, 454.
[3] HOLDITCH S A.Tight gas sands[J]. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 2006, 58(6): 86-93.
[4] MASTER J A.Deep basin gas trap, western Canada[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1979, 63(2): 152-181.
[5] SCHMOKER J W.Method for assessing continuous-type (unconventional) hydrocarbon accumulations[R/CD]//GAUTIER D L, DOLTON G L, TAKAHASHI K I, et al. 1995 National assessment of united states oil and gas resources: Results, methodology, and supporting data. Reston: USGS, 1995.
[6] 孙龙德, 邹才能, 贾爱林, 等. 中国致密油气发展特征与方向[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2019, 46(6): 1015-1026.
SUN Longde, ZOU Caineng, JIA Ailin, et al.Development characteristics and orientation of tight oil and gas in China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2019, 46(6): 1015-1026.
[7] 童晓光, 郭彬程, 李建忠, 等. 中美致密砂岩气成藏分布异同点比较研究与意义[J]. 中国工程科学, 2012, 14(6): 9-15, 30.
TONG Xiaoguang, GUO Bincheng, LI Jianzhong, et al.Comparison study on accumulation & distribution of tight sandstone gas between China and the United States and its significance[J]. Engineering Science, 2012, 14(6): 9-15, 30.
[8] SCHMOKER J W.U.S. geological survey assessment model for continuous (unconventional) oil and gas accumulations: The “FORSPAN” model: U.S. geological survey bulletin 2168[R]. Denver: U.S. Department of the Interior, 1999.
[9] 赵靖舟, 李军, 曹青, 等. 论致密大油气田成藏模式[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2013, 34(5): 573-583.
ZHAO Jingzhou, LI Jun, CAO Qing, et al.Hydrocarbon accumulation patterns of large tight oil and gas fields[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2013, 34(5): 573-583.
[10] 邹才能, 杨智, 黄士鹏, 等. 煤系天然气的资源类型、形成分布与发展前景[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2019, 46(3): 433-442.
ZOU Caineng, YANG Zhi, HUANG Shipeng, et al.Resource types, formation, distribution and prospects of coal-measure gas[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2019, 46(3): 433-442.
[11] 樊阳, 查明, 姜林, 等. 致密砂岩气充注机制及成藏富集规律[J]. 断块油气田, 2014, 21(1): 1-6.
FAN Yang, ZHA Ming, JIANG Lin, et al.Charging mechanism of tight sandstone gas reservoir and its pattern of accumulation and enrichment[J]. Fault-Block Oil and Gas Field, 2014, 21(1): 1-6.
[12] 陶士振, 李昌伟, 黄纯虎, 等. 煤系致密砂岩气运聚动力与二维可视化物理模拟研究: 以川中地区三叠系须家河组致密砂岩气为例[J]. 天然气地球科学, 2016, 27(10): 1767-1777.
TAO Shizhen, LI Changwei, HUANG Chunhu, et al.Migration and accumulation impetus and two-dimension visual physical simulation research of coal-measure tight sandstone gas: A case study from tight sandstone gas in the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation, central Sichuan Basin, China[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 2016, 27(10): 1767-1777.
[13] NELSON P H.Pore-throat sizes in sandstones, tight sandstones, and shales[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 2009, 93(3): 329-340.
[14] QIAO Juncheng, ZENG Jianhui, JIANG Shu, et al.Heterogeneity of reservoir quality and gas accumulation in tight sandstone reservoirs revealed by pore structure characterization and physical simulation[J]. Fuel, 2019, 253(6): 1300-1316.
[15] 陶士振, 高晓辉, 李昌伟, 等. 煤系致密砂岩气渗流机理实验模拟研究: 以四川盆地上三叠统须家河组煤系致密砂岩气为例[J]. 天然气地球科学, 2016, 27(7): 1143-1152.
TAO Shizhen, GAO Xiaohui, LI Changwei, et al.The experiment simulation study on gas percolation mechanisms of tight sandstone core in coal measure strata: A case study on coal-measure tight sandstone gas in the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation, Sichuan Basin, China[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 2016, 27(7): 1143-1152.
[16] 徐轩, 胡勇, 邵龙义, 等. 低渗致密砂岩储层充注模拟实验及含气性变化规律: 以鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气藏为例[J]. 中国矿业大学学报, 2017, 46(6): 1323-1331, 1339.
XU Xuan, HU Yong, SHAO Longyi, et al.Experimental simulation of gas accumulation mechanism in sandstone reservoir: A case study of Sulige Gas Field, Ordos Basin[J]. Journal of China University of Mining & Technology, 2017, 46(6): 1323-1331, 1339.
[17] 赵子龙, 赵靖舟, 曹磊, 等. 基于充注模拟实验的致密砂岩气成藏过程分析: 以鄂尔多斯盆地为例[J]. 新疆石油地质, 2015, 36(5): 583-587.
ZHAO Zilong, ZHAO Jingzhou, CAO Lei, et al.Accumulation process analysis on tight sandstone gas based on charging simulation experiment: An example of Ordos Basin[J]. Xinjiang Petroleum Geology, 2015, 36(5): 583-587.
[18] LIU Hejuan, ZHU Zhengwen, PATRICK W, et al.Numerical visualization of supercritical CO₂ displacement in pore-scale porous and fractured media saturated with water[J]. Advances in Geo-Energy Research, 2020, 4(4): 419-434.
[19] KECECIOGLU I, JIANG Yuxiang.Flow through porous media of packed spheres saturated with water[J]. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 1994, 116(1): 164-170.
[20] SIDDIQUI F, SOLIMAN M Y, HOUSE W, et al.Pre-Darcy flow revisited under experimental investigation[J]. Journal of Analytical Science and Technology, 2016, 7: 2.
[21] WU Jiuzhu, CHENG Linsong, LI Chunlan, et al.Experimental study of nonlinear flow in micropores under low pressure gradient[J]. Transport in Porous Media, 2017, 119(1): 247-265.
[22] ZHANG Yongchao, ZENG Jianhui, QIAO Juncheng, et al.Experimental study on natural gas migration and accumulation mechanism in sweet spots of tight sandstones[J]. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 2016, 36(Part A): 669-678.
[23] ARMSTRONG R T, OTT H, GEORGIADIS A, et al.Subsecond pore- scale displacement processes and relaxation dynamics in multiphase flow[J]. Water Resources Research, 2014, 50(12): 9162-9176.
[24] ARSHADI M, KHISHVAND M, AGHAEI A, et al.Pore-scale experimental investigation of two-phase flow through fractured porous media[J]. Water Resources Research, 2018, 54(5): 3602-3631.
[25] BULTREYS T, DE BOEVER W, CNUDDE V.Imaging and image-based fluid transport modeling at the pore scale in geological materials: A practical introduction to the current state-of-the-art[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2016, 155: 93-128.
[26] ZENG Jianhui, CHENG Shiwei, KONG Xu, et al.Non-Darcy flow in oil accumulation (oil displacing water) and relative permeability and oil saturation characteristics of low-permeability sandstones[J]. Petroleum Science, 2010, 7(1): 20-30.
[27] ZENG Jianhui, ZHANG Yongchao, ZHANG Shanwen, et al.Experimental and theoretical characterization of the natural gas migration and accumulation mechanism in low-permeability (tight) sandstone cores[J]. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 2016, 33: 1308-1315.
[28] 曾溅辉. 正韵律砂层中渗透率级差对石油运移和聚集影响的模拟实验研究[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2000, 27(4): 102-105.
ZENG Jianhui.Experimental simulation of impacts of vertical heterogeneity on oil migration and accumulation in fining upwards sands[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2000, 27(4): 102-105.
[29] 公言杰, 柳少波, 姜林, 等. 致密砂岩气非达西渗流规律与机制实验研究: 以四川盆地须家河组为例[J]. 天然气地球科学, 2014, 25(6): 804-809.
GONG Yanjie, LIU Shaobo, JIANG Lin, et al.Experimental study of seepage characteristic and mechanism in tight gas sands: A case from Xujiahe reservoir of Sichuan Basin[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 2014, 25(6): 804-809.
[30] 任晓娟, 阎庆来, 何秋轩, 等. 低渗气层气体的渗流特征实验研究[J]. 西安石油学院学报(自然科学版), 1997(3): 22-25, 4-5.
REN Xiaojuan, YAN Qinglai, HE Qiuxuan, et al. The experimental study of characteristics of gas flow in tight formation[J]. Journal of Xi’an Shiyou University (Natural Science Edition), 1997(3): 22-25, 4-5.
[31] 曾溅辉, 杨智峰, 冯枭, 等. 致密储层油气成藏机理研究现状及其关键科学问题[J]. 地球科学进展, 2014, 29(6): 651-661.
ZENG Jianhui, YANG Zhifeng, FENG Xiao, et al.Study status and key scientific issue of tight reservoir oil and gas accumulation mechanism[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2014, 29(6): 651-661.
[32] DEJAM M, HASSANZADEH H, CHEN Zhangxin.Pre-Darcy flow in porous media[J]. Water Resources Research, 2017, 53(10): 8187-8210.
[33] DEJAM M, HASSANZADEH H, CHEN Zhangxin.Pre-Darcy flow in tight and shale formations[C]//Proceedings of the 70th Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics. Denver: APS, 2017.
[34] XIONG Yi, YU Jinbiao, SUN Hongxia, et al.A new non-Darcy flow model for low-velocity multiphase flow in tight reservoirs[J]. Transport in Porous Media, 2017, 117(3): 367-383.
[35] ALIZADEH A H, KHISHVAND M, IOANNIDIS M A, et al.Multi-scale experimental study of carbonated water injection: An effective process for mobilization and recovery of trapped oil[J]. Fuel, 2014, 132(1): 219-235.
[36] KHISHVAND M, ALIZADEH A H, PIRI M.In-situ characterization of wettability and pore-scale displacements during two- and three-phase flow in natural porous media[J]. Advances in Water Resources, 2016, 97: 279-298.
[37] LIN Qingyang, BIJELJIC B, FOROUGHI S, et al.Pore-scale imaging of displacement patterns in an altered-wettability carbonate[J]. Chemical Engineering Science, 2021, 235: 116464.
[38] LIN Qingyang, BIJELJIC B, RAEINI A Q, et al. Drainage capillary pressure distribution and fluid displacement in a heterogeneous laminated sandstone[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2021, 48(14): e2021GL093604.
[39] LIN Qingyang, BIJELJIC B, RIEKE H, et al.Visualization and quantification of capillary drainage in the pore space of laminated sandstone by a porous plate method using differential imaging X-ray microtomography[J]. Water Resources Research, 2017, 53(8): 7457-7468.
[40] 仵彦卿, 曹广祝, 丁卫华. CT尺度砂岩渗流与应力关系试验研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2005, 24(23): 4203-4209.
WU Yanqing, CAO Guangzhu, DING Weihua.Experimental study on relation between seepage and stress of sandstone in CT scale[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2005, 24(23): 4203-4209.
[41] GUO Tiankui, ZHANG Shicheng, QU Zhanqing, et al.Experimental study of hydraulic fracturing for shale by stimulated reservoir volume[J]. Fuel, 2014, 128: 373-380.
[42] XIA Yuxuan, CAI Jianchao, PERFECT E, et al.Fractal dimension, lacunarity and succolarity analyses on CT images of reservoir rocks for permeability prediction[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2019, 579(6): 124198.
[43] BEAR J.Dynamics of fluids in porous media[M]. New York: American Elsevier Publishing Company, 1972.
[44] BLUNT M J.Physically-based network modeling of multiphase flow in intermediate-wet porous media[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 1998, 20(3/4): 117-125.
[45] CHEN Yuedu, LIAN Haojie, LIANG Weiguo, et al.The influence of fracture geometry variation on non-Darcy flow in fractures under confining stresses[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2019, 113: 59-71.
[46] TIAN Weibing, LI Aifen, REN Xiaoxia, et al.The threshold pressure gradient effect in the tight sandstone gas reservoirs with high water saturation[J]. Fuel, 2018, 226: 221-229.
[47] 韩国猛, 周素彦, 唐鹿鹿, 等. 歧口凹陷歧北斜坡沙一下亚段致密砂岩油形成条件[J]. 中国石油勘探, 2014, 19(6): 89-96.
HAN Guomeng, ZHOU Suyan, TANG Lulu, et al.Geological conditions for lower Es1 tight sandstone oil in Qibei Slope of Qikou Depression[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2014, 19(6): 89-96.
[48] 赵贤正, 蒲秀刚, 周立宏, 等. 断陷湖盆深水沉积地质特征与斜坡区勘探发现: 以渤海湾盆地歧口凹陷板桥—歧北斜坡区沙河街组为例[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2017, 44(2): 165-176.
ZHAO Xianzheng, PU Xiugang, ZHOU Lihong, et al.Geologic characteristics of deep water deposits and exploration discoveries in slope zones of fault lake basin: A case study of Paleogene Shahejie Formation in Banqiao-Qibei Slope, Qikou Sag, Bohai Bay Basin[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2017, 44(2): 165-176.
[49] 周立宏, 韩国猛, 董越崎, 等. 渤海湾盆地歧口凹陷滨海断鼻断-砂组合模式与油气成藏[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2019, 46(5): 869-882.
ZHOU Lihong, HAN Guomeng, DONG Yueqi, et al.Fault-sand combination modes and hydrocarbon accumulation in Binhai fault nose of Qikou Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, East China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2019, 46(5): 869-882.
[50] QIAO Juncheng, ZENG Jianhui, JIANG Shu, et al.Impacts of sedimentology and diagenesis on pore structure and reservoir quality in tight oil sandstone reservoirs: Implications for macroscopic and microscopic heterogeneities[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2020, 111: 279-300.
[51] DONG Hu, BLUNT M J.Pore-network extraction from micro- computerized-tomography images[J]. Physical Review E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics, 2009, 80(3): 036307.
[52] SPURIN C, BULTREYS T, RÜCKER M, et al. Real-time imaging reveals distinct pore-scale dynamics during transient and equilibrium subsurface multiphase flow[J]. Water Resources Research, 2020, 56(12): e2020WR028287.

Please choose a citation manager

Content to export